Municipal housing in England and Wales

7333

/!3T3n7

Thompson

Municipal Housing in
England and Wales

THE LIBRARY

OF

THE UNIVERSITY

OF CALIFORNIA

LOS ANGELES

IX'" INTEI^NATIOXAli^ imUSING CONGRESS,

VIENNA, MAY', ir»10.
1st QUESTION. GREAT BRITAIN.

J^^JkiMuf'

Municipal Housing in England
and Wales,

By
ALDERMAN W. THOMPSON,

'liairiJian, National Housing and Town Planning Council; Member, Permanent
International Housing Committee.

Reprinted from the '• Municipal Year Book,"' by the
kind permission of the Editor.

1. Summary of Powers of Local Authorities (page 2).

2. The Housing and Town Planning Act, 1909 (page 5).

3. Procedure under the Housing Acts (page 32).

4. Notes and General Information as to Provincial Towns

(page 43).

HOUSING OF THE WORKING CLASSES.

Edited by Alderman W. THOMPSON, Author of the "Housing Handbook."

The Beginning. — Housing legislation in this countiy began with Lord Shaftesbmy's
two Acts passed in 1851, and was continued with ToiTcns's Acts, 1866 and 1868, and
Cross's Acts, 1875, 1879, and 1882, and by various Local Improvement Acts. The Metro-
politan Board of Works spent £1,325,415 on 16 schemes, and sold or let the sites at
nominal prices to various companies for building working-class dwellings to house the
persons displaced. The companies thus subsidised erected 7,026 dwellings, containing
14,093 rooms.

Other districts cleared imhealthj' areas at a cost as follows, after recoupment for land
re-sold : — Birmingham. 95 acres for £550.000 ; Glasgow, 88 acres for £6(X),000 ; Liver-
pool, £500,000 ; Greenock, £200,000 ; and Wolverhampton, £267,862 ; while the annual
charge on the rates at Swansea has been over £3,000. In the majority of these
cases some of the persons displaced were re-housed in dwellings erected by the
municipal aiithorities. Owing to the expensive working of these Acts, however, they
were not used much after 1882, and it became necessarj'- to consolidate and amend them
by the Housing of the Working Classes Act, 1890. This Act has itself been modified
by subsequent Acts, notably the Acts of 1900 and 1903, and the Housing and Town
Planning Act. 1909.

Powers of Local Authorities with respect to the housing of the working classes may
be said to be contained in —

(1) The Public Health Act, 1875 (sanitary clauses), together with the amending or
coiTesponding measures, the Public Health Acts (Amendment) Acts, 1890 and 1907,
the PubHc Health (London) Act, 1891. and the Public Health (Scotland) Act, 1897; and
bye-laws made iinder the provisions of the same ;

(2) The Housing of the Working Classes Act, 1890 with amending Acts of 1893,
1894, 1896, 1900, 1903, and 1909 ;

(3) The Small Dwellings Acquisition Act, 1899 ;

(4) The Mimicipal Corporations Act, 1882 (Sec. Ill), and the Working Classes
Dwellings Act, 1890 ;

(5) The Labourers' (Ireland) Acts. 1885-1906 ;

(6) The Standing Orders of Parliament for Local Improvement and Piiblic Com-
panies' Bills.

So far as the provision of houses is concerned, the most important of these
are the Housing of the W^orking Classes Acts, 1890-1903. and the Housing and Town
Planning Act. 1909.

The pi-incipal Act (1890) is divided into seven parts, and the following smnmaiy ot
housing powers has been arranged under the three most important of these divisions,
viz. : — Part I., the clearance of large slum areas ; Part II., the clearance of small slum
areas and the closing and demolition of unhealthy houses or obstructive buildings ;
and Part III., which deals ^\•ith the pro-\-ision of new dwellings by or through the action
of local authorities.

The amending Act of 1900 modified Part III. of the principal Act by empowenng
Councils to buy laud outside their districts (Sec. 1.) and to lease any land bought
within or outside their districts to persons wiUing to build cottages (Sec. 5). as well
as for the building of cottages by the local authority. It also provided for the raising
of money for Part III. schemes by metropolitan lioroughs (Sec. 3). and for
simplifjTug accounts kept under the various parts of the principal Act (Sec. 4).
Other provisions were also made, but have since been repealed.

The Act of 1903 empowers the local authority to erect shops and other necessary
buildings and to provide recreation grounds in connection Avith Part III. schemes
(Sec. 11). It removed the limitation on boiTowang (Sec. 1). which was previously
confined to two years rateable value for all pui-poses. including housing ; extended the
period for repayment of housing loans (Sec. 1); and slightly simplified tlie
procedui-e for closing unhealthv dwellings and clearing unhealthy areas (Sees. 4. 5,
6. 7, 8, 9, 10). But these last-named provisions have been to a great extent repealed by
the Act of 1909. Finally, it imposed more stringent conditions as to rehousing in
connection with the demolition of workmen's dwellings under Railway Bills and Local
Improvement Acts (Sec. 3).

HOUSING AND TOWN PLANNING ACT. 5^^) '^

The sections of tlie Act of 1890 affected ijy the Act of 19(Jo are Sees. 4, 7 (a) (6),
8, 15, 16, o2, 34, 39, 46, 49, 75, 87 ; and Schedule 4, Form A, iu addition to Sec. 234 of
the Public Health Act ; Sec. 27 of the Metropolitan Board of Works (Loans) Act,
1869; Sec. 190 of the Metropolis Management Act, 1855 ; Sec. 11 of the Board of Agri-
culture Act, 1889 ; and the Standing Orders of Parliament regulating Private Bills and
Local Improvement Bills.

The Housing and Town Planning Act, 1909, modifies a number of provisioiis in
previous Acts as respects the keeping of houses in repair (Sees. 14 and 15), the closing
and demolition of unhealthy dwellings (Sees. 17 and 18), the clearance of slum areas
(Sees. 23 to 29), the appointment of County Medical Officers of Health (Sees. 67 and
68), and the provision of new dwellings for the working classes. It requii-es County
Coiuicils to establish Public Health and Housing Committees (Sec. 71). and it gives
them a number of default powers as regards District Councils and the principal Act
(Sees. 10 and 12), while also giving concurrent powers, under Part III., in rural
districts (Sec. 13).

Part III. of the Act of 1890 takes effect everywhere without being adopted (Sec. 1),
and a new procedure for compulsory land purchase is enacted, sxibstantially the same
as for Small Holdings (Sees. 2, 60, and Schedule I.).

Powers of complaint on a large and systematic plan are gi^-en in respect of the non-
exercise of housing duties by local authorities (Sec. 10). An appeal maj^ be made to
the Local C4overnment Board by the County Council. Parish Council. Parish Meeting,
or any four inhabitant householders if the local authority within their area fails to
deal with insanitary hoiises or build new ones when required. In rural districts where
necessary cottages are not l>uilt a County Council maj' hold an inquiry and take over
the powers of the District Council on receipt of a complaint from a Parish Council, a
Parish Meeting, or any four inhabitant householders (Sec. 12).

The power of entry for purposes of inspection is extended to any person authorised
in writing by the local authority or the Local Government Board, on giving twenty-
four hours' notice to the occupier and owner (Sec. 36). The Act further empowei's the
Local Government Board to prescribe a form of record for the results of inspections
carried out by local authorities, and enables the Board to enforce bj'^ mandamus the
performance of housing duties where the local authority is in default (Sees. 17 (1), 10
(6), 11 (2)).

Back to back houses are forbidden (Sec. 43) ; the powers of making bye-laws for
houses let in lodgings ai'e extended (Sec. 16) ; the procedure for clearing slum areas
under Parts I. and II. of the principal Act is simplitied and made moi'e miiform (Sees.
23 to 29) ; building bj^e-laws maj^ be revoked by the Local Government Board where
they unreasonably hinder building of workmen's dwellings (Sec. 44) ; local authorities
are required to report on housing conditions in their area if required by the Local
Government Board (Sec. 37) ; and houses which are unfit for habitation may be
closed and demolished by order of the local aiithority without going to the Courts of
law, subject to an appeal to the Local Government Board (Sees. 17 and 18).

Money for housing purposes may be borrowed at the minimum rate of interest
from the Public Works Loan Commissioners for a period up to eighty years, with the
approval of the Local Government Board (Sec. 3), and maybe lent to " societies of
public utility " to the extent of two-thirds of the security by the Public Works Loan
Commissioners direct (Sec. 4), or by County Councils (Sec. 72). The expenses of
Rural District Councils under Part IIJ. will in future be defrayed as general expenses
unless the Local Government Board othei'wise determine (Sec. 31).

Joint boards for housing pui-poses (Sec. 38) and town planning piiiposes (Sec. 55
(3) ) may Ije formed by the Local Government Board.

Town Planning. — The main interest of local authorities, however, in the new Act is
in Part II. of the Act which gives power to local authorities to make schemes
regulating the methods and extent of development of " land likely to l>e used for
building piii-poses," within, or in, the neigbourhood of their area (Sec. 54). Little,
or nothing, however, can Ije done at any stage except with the consent of the Local
Goveniment Board, whose powers and duties are considerably increased under the Act.

In the preparation of a Town Planning scheme tlu^ local authority must first
submit a pritnd facie case before tlie Local Government Board (Sec. 54 (2) and
Schedule 5) whose consent will probably depend very largely upon the strength of the

a2

J.CA5371

4 IN'TERNATIONAL KOUriiSr, ( D.MiKKis.

representation so made. A Luciil Government Board inquiry will {)roba]jly be held to
decide whether there is need for action, and the Board may then authorise the local
authority to prepare a detailed plan.

In cases where it is necessary to secure co-oi)eration on the part of the local
authority with the owners and other persons interested in land comprised in the scheme
the Board has power to provide for the carrying- out either singly or in combination
such a scheme as it may, with or without modifications, approve (Sec. 5G (2)), and the
lioard may also constitute a joint body to deal with land which is in the area of more
than one local authority, (Sec. u5 (3)). When the authorised plan has been prepared a
local and public inquiry must be held to consider the plan (Schedule 5) which, after
formal authorisation and publication, may be appi'oved by order of the Board
(Sec. oo (4)), and if not formally objected to will then be in operation until superseded
by another plan (Sec. 54 (4), (5), (6)). If objected to, the draft order must be laid before
each House of Parliament for a period of not less than thirty days, and eitlier House
may, during that time, present an addi-ess to his Majesty ao-ainst the order, or any
part thereof, and so prevent the scheme being put into operation (Sec. 54 (4)).

The whole procedure for the preparation, adoption and approval of a town plan will
have to be settled by regulations in accordance with the fifth Schedule of the Act as
made by the Local Government Board, and imtil these are piiblished it will be
unprofitable to discuss the details.

The Act provides that the objects of the Town Plan are. " securing proper conditions,
amenity and convenience in connection with the laying oiit and use of the land, and of
any neighljouring lands " (Sec. 54 (1)). They include dealing with " any land likely to
be used as or for the purpose of providing open spaces, roads, streets, parks, and
pleasiire or recreation groiuids " (Sec. 54 (7)). The extent to which these objects maybe
dealt with will be defined in a set of General Provisions to be prescribed by the Local
Government Board in accordance with the fourth Schedule, which mentions streets,
buildings, open spaces (private and public), the preservation of objects of historical
interest or natural beauty, sewerage, drainage, lighting, water supply, obstnictive
buildings, and any consequential works to the foregoing, as l^eing ■\\-ith the scope of a
Town Plan.

The most important provision in the Act is that which aims at giving power to a
local authority to limit the number of buildings which may be erected on each acre^
and the height and character of those buildings (Schedules 4 (2) and 5 (5)), and
Sec. 59.

Xo compensation is to be paid to any land owner in respect of any limitation o£
the intensive use of land for building purposes where the Local Government Board
approve of the liniitatton as reasonable (Sec. 59), and no compensation will be paid in.
respect of the alleged injurious affectation of property by a Town Planning scheme
where the provisions are such as would have been enforceable if they had been con-
tained in byelaws made by the Local Authority (Sec 59). Subject to these
exceptions, compensation may be claimed by owners within three months of notice of
the approval of the scheme being published and the amount shall be determined by a
single arbitrator appointed by the Local Government Board (Sec. 58). Similarly
the local authority ma}' claim one-half the increase in value of any property which is
increased in value bj' the niaking of a town-planning scheme. All general provisions
must l^e laid before Parliament and any orders of the Local Government Board to
make a scheme, or comply with a scheme may be enforced mandamus. (Sec. 55 (1)
and 61 (3)). The expenses of a local authority must be defraj'ed as expenses under
the Public Health Act, and the limitation on borrowing under these Acts shall
not apply (Sees. 65 (3)).

Land may be purchased compulsorily as for housing purposes wherever authorized
by the Local Goveniment Board for the piirpose of a town-planning scheme, either by
the responsible authority or by a Local Authority within whose area such land is included
(Sec. 60). Provision is made for the protection of land now forming part of commons,
open spaces, allotments, and land in the neighl lourhood (of royal palaces or parks
(Sec, 73, 74).

_ The Acts of 1900, 1903. and 1909 will now all apply to Scotland. England, and Wales,,
with appropriate modifications for Scotland, but not to Ireland, which is dealt with by
the Housing of the Working Classes (Ireland) Act, 1908, and the Labourers Acts.

The full text of the Housing and Town-Planning Act is as follows :

HOUSING AND TOWN PLANNIXG ACT. • O

HOUSING. TOWN PLANNING, &c., ACT, 1909.

[9 Edw. YIL, Ch. -44.]

'ARRANGEMENT OF SECTIONS.

Part T.

housixg of the working classes.

Facilities for Acquisition of Lands and Other Purposes of the

Housing Acts.
Section

1. Part III. of the principal Act to take effect without adoption.

2. Provisions as to acquisition oi' land under Part III. of the principal Act.

3. Loans by Public Works Loan Commissioners to local authorities.

4. Loans by Public Works Loan Commissioners to public utility societies._

5. Payment of purchase or compensation money (which would othermse be paid
into Court) on dii-ection of Local Government Board.

6. Provision of public streets in connexion with exercise of powers under Part III. of

the principal Act.

7. Expenditure of money for housing- purposes in case of settled land.

8. Donations for housing purposes.

9. Provisions with respect to money applicable under trusts for housing purposes.

Powers of Enforcing Execution of Housing Acts.

10. Power of Local Government Board on complaint to enforce exercise of powers.

11. Power of Local Government Board to order schemes, &c., to be carried out mtlun
a limited time.

12. Powers of county council to act in default of rural district council under Part III.
of the principal Act.

18. Power of covinty council to exercise powers of rural district council under Part III.
of the principal Act.

Contracts by Landlord.

14. Extension of s. 75 of the principal Act.

15. Condition as to keeping houses let to persons of the working classes in repair.

16. Extension of power of making byelaws with respect to lodging-houses for the
working classes.

Amendment of Procedure for Closing Orders and Demolition Orders.

17. Duty of local authority as to closing of dwelling-house unfit for hiunan habitation.

18. Order for demolition.

19. Power to redeem amiuities charged by charging order under s. 36 of the principal Act.

20. Provision as to priority of charges under s. 37 of the principal Act.

21. Restriction on power of court of summary jiirisdiction to extend time.

Amendments with Respect to Improvement and Reconstruction Schemes.

22. Amendment of s. 4 of the principal Act as to official representation.

23. Amendment of the principal Act as to contents of schemes.

24. Amendment of 3 Edw. VII., c. 39, s. o.
26. Modification of schemes.

26. Inquiries by Local Government Board inspectors as to unhealthy areas.

27. Amendment as to the vesting of water pipes, &c.

28. Amendment of s. 38 of the principal Act as to distribution of compensation money
and as to betterment charges.

29. Explanation of sections 21 (2) and 41 (3) of the principal Act.

Amendments with Respect to Financial Matters.

30. Amendment as to application of money boiTowed for the purpose of the DwelHng-

house Improvement Fund.

31. Expenses of rural district council under Part III. of the principal Act.

32. Application of proceeds of land sold under Part III. of the principal Act.

33. Mode in which contributions by London borough councils to the county council or
vice versa niay he made.

34. Exemption from s. 133 of 8 and 9 Vict., c. 18.

35. Exemption of lodging-houses for the working classes from Inhabited House Duty.

6 international housing congress.

General Amendments.

36. Power of entry.

37. Power of Local Government Board to obtain a report on any. crowded area.

38. Joint action by local authorities.

39. Appeals to Local Government Board.

40. Sale and disposal of dwellings.

41. Power to prescribe forms and to dispense with advertisements and notices.

42. Provision as to publication in " London Gazette."

43. Prohibition of back-to-back houses.

44. Power to Local Government Board to revoke unreasonalde byelaws.

45. Saving- of sites of ancient monuments, &c.

46. Minor Amendments of Housing Acts.

Definitions.

47. Provisions of this Part to be deemed to be part of the appropriate Part of the prin-

cipal Act.

48. Amendment of definitions in Part I. of the principal Act.

49. Amendment of definitions for purpose of Part II. of the principal' Act.
60. Definition of cottage.

51. Definition of Housing Acts.

Application of Part L to Scotland.

62. Extension of 63 and 64 Vict., c. 59, and 3 Edw. YIL, c. 39 to Scotland.

63. Application of Housing Acts to Scotland.

Part II.
Town Planning.

64. Preparation and approval of town planning scheme.

65. Contents of to^^^l planning schemes.

66. Procedure regulations of the Local Government Board.

57. Power to enforce scheme.

58. Compensation in respect of property injuriously affected by scheme, &c.

59. Exclusion or limitation of compensation in certain cases.

60. Acquisition by local authorities of land comprised m a scheme.

61. Powers of Local Government Board in case of default of local authority to make

or execute town planning scheme.

62. Determination of matters by Local Government Board.

63. Inquiries by Local Government Board.

64. Laying general provisions before Parliament.

65. Definition of local authority, and expenses.
6Q. Application to London.

67. Application of Part II. to Scotland.

Part III.

County Medical Officers, County Public Health, and Housing

Committee, &c.

68. Appointment, duties, and tenure of office of county medical officers.

69. Duty of clerk and medical officer of health of district council to furnish information

to medical officer of health of county council.

70. Extent of Part III.

71. Public health and housing committee of county councils.

72. Formation and extension of building societies.

Part IV.
Supplemental.

73. Provisions as to commons and open spaces.

74. Provisions as to land in neighbourhood of royal palaces or parks.
76. Kepeal.

76. Short title and extent.
Schedules.

CHAPTER 44.

An Act to amend the Law relating to the Housing of the Working Classes, to
provide for the making of Tovni Planning schemes, and to make fmiher provision with

HOUSING AND TOWN PLANNING ACT. 7

respect to the appointment and duties of County Medical Officers of Health, and to
provide for the establishment of Public Health and Housing Committees of County
Councils. [3rd December, 1909.]

Be it enacted by the King's most Excellent Majesty, by and mth the advice and
consent of the Lords Spiritual and Temporal, and Commons, in this present Parlia-
ment assembled, and by the authority of the same, as follows : —

PART I.

Housing of the Working Classes.

Facilities for Acquisition of Lands and Other Purposes of the

Housing Acts.

Part III. of the Principal Act to Talce Effect Withoiit Adoption. .53 and 54 Tict., c. 70.

1— Part III. of the Housing of the Working Classes Act, 1890 (in this Part of this
Act referred to as the principal Act), shall, after the commencement of thi.s Act,
•extend to and take effect in every lU'ban and rural district, or other place for which it
has not been adopted, as if it had been so adopted.

Provisions as to Acquisition of Land under Part III. of the Principal Act.
2 — (1) A local authority may be authorised to purchase land compulsorilj'- for the
purposes of Part III. of the principal Act, by means of an order submitted to the
Local Grovernment Board and confirmed by the Board in accordance \di\\ the First
Schedule to this Act.

38 and 39 Vict., c. 55.

(2) The procedure under this section for the compulsory purchase of land shall be
substituted for the procedure for the same purpose under section one hundred and
seventy-six of the Public Health Act, 1875, as applied by subsection (1) of section fifty-
seven of the principal Act.

(3) A local authority may, with the consent of and subject to any conditions
imposed by the Local Government Board, acquire land by agreement for tlie pm-poses
of Part III. of the principal Act, notwithstanding that the land is not immediately
required for those purposes.

Loans hij Public Worlds Loan Commissioners to Local Authorities.
3 — Where a loan is made by the Public Works Loan Commissioners to a local
.authority for any purposes of the Housing Acts —

{a) The, loan shall be made at the minimum rate allowed for the time being for
loans out of the Local Loans Fund ; and

(J)) If the Local Government Board make a recommendation to that effect, the
period for which the loan is made by the Public Works Loan Commissioners
may exceed the period allowed under the principal Act or under any other
Act limiting the period for which tlie loan may be made, but the period shall
not exceed the period recommended by the Local Government Board, nor in
any case eighty years ; and

(c) As between loans for different periods, the longer duration of the loan shall
not be taken as a reason for fixing a higher rate of interest.

Loans by Public Works Loan Commissioners to Public Utility Societies.
''t— (1) Where a loan is made by the Public AVorks Loan Commissioners under
section sixty-seven, subsection (two) (d), of the principal Act, to a public utility society,
the words "two thii-ds" shall be substituted for the words ''one nioiet3\"-

56 and 57 Vict, c. 39.

(2) For the purposes of this section a public utility society means a society regis-
tered under the Industrial and Provident Societies Act, 1893, or any amendment
thereof, the rules whereof ]5rolnbit the i^ayment of any interest or dividend at a rate
-exceeding five pounds per centum per annum.

Paijment of Purchase or Compensation Money (tvhich vcotdd othervjise be paid into
Court) on Direction of Local Government Board.

5 — (1) Any purchase money or compensation payable in pursuance of the Housing
Acts by a local authority in respect of any lands, estate, or interest of another local
authority which would, but for this section, be paid into court in manner provided by
the Lands Clauses Acts or by paragraph (20) of the Second Schedule to the principal
Act may, if the Local Government Board cousent, instead of being paid into Court, be
paid and applied as the Board determine.

8 INTERNATIONAL HOUSING CONGRESS.

(2) Any such decision of the Board as to the payment and application of any such
purchase money or compensation shall be final and conclusive.

Provision of Piihlic Streets iii Connexion ]VHh Exercise of Powers Uiider Po.rl III.

of the Principal Act.

6 — Any local authority in connexion with the exercise hy them of their powers
under Part III. of the principal Act may lay out and construct piiblic streets or roads on
any land acquired or appropriated ]>y them for the purpose of that Part of that Act *r
contribute towards the cost of the lajing out and constructif)n of anj' streets or roads
on any such land Ijy other persons on the condition that those streets or roads are to
be dedicated to the public.

Expenditure of Money for Housing Purposes in Case of Settled Land. 45 & 4G

Vict., c. 38.

7 — (1) The following paragfi'aph shall be substituted for paragraph (b) of subsection
(1) of section seventy-four of the principal Act : —

(h) The improvements on which capital money arising under the Settled Land

Act, 1882, may be expended, enumerated in section twenty-five of the said

Act and referred to in section thirty of the said Act, shall, in addition to

cottages for labourers, farm servants, and artisans, whether employed on the

settled land or not, include the provision of dwellings available for the

working classes, either by means of building new buildings, or by means of

the reconstruction, enlargement, or improvement of existing buildings, so as

to make them available for the purpose, if that provision of dwellings is,

in the opinion of the court, not injm-ious to the estate or is agreed to by the

tenant for life and the trustees of the settlement.

(2) The provision by a tenant for life, at his own expense, of dwellings available

for the working classes on any settled land, shall not be deemed to be an injury to any

interest in reversion or remainder iti that land, provided that the powers confeired

upon a tenant for life by this sub-section shaU not be exercised by him mthout the

previous approval in writing'of the trustees of the settlement.

Donations for Housing Purposes. 51 6c 52 Vict., c. 42.

8 — A local authority may accept a donation of land or money or other property for
any of the purposes of the Housing Acts, and it shall not be necessary to enrol any
assui-ance with respect to any such property under the Mortmain and Charitable Users
Act, 1888.
Provisions Witli Respect to Money Applicable Under Trusts for Housing Pur2:)oses.

9 — (1) If in any case it appears to the Local Government Board that the institution
of legal proceedings is requisite or desirable with respect to any property
required to be applied under any trusts for the provision of dwellings available for
the working classes, or that the expediting of any such legal proceedings is requisite
or desirable, the Board may certify the case to the Attorney- General, and the Attorney-
General, if he thinks fit, shall institute any legal proceedings or intervene in any legal
proceedings already instituted in such manner as he thinks proper under the
circumstances.

(2) Before preparing any scheme with reference to property required to be
applied under any trusts for the provision of dwellings available for the working
classes the Coiu-t or l;>ody who are responsible for making the scheme shall communi-
cate with the Local Government Board and receive and consider any recommendations
made by the Board with reference to the proposed scheme.

Powers of Enforcing Execution of Housing Acts.

Power qf Local Government Board on Complaint to Enforce Exercise of Poivers.

10 — (1) Where a complaint is made to the Local Government Board —

(o) as respects any rural district by the coimcil of the county in which the
district is situate, or by the parish council or parish meeting of an)' parish
comprised in the district, or by any four inhabitant householders of the
district; or

(b) as respects any county district not being a rural district by the council of the
county in which the district is situated, or by four inhabitant householders
of the district ; or

(c) as respects the area of an)'^ other local authority by foiir inhabitant house-

holders of the area ;

HOUSING AND TOWN PLANNING ACT. 9

that the local authority have failed to exercise their powers iiniler Part II. or Part III.
of the principal Act in cases where those powers ought to have been exercised, the
Board may cause a {Dublic local iuquiiy to be held, and if after holding such an inquu-y,
the Board are satisfied that there has been such a failiu'e on the part of the local
authority, the Board may declare the authority to be in default, and may make an
order directing that authority, within a time limited by the order, to carrj- out such
■works and do such other things as may be mentioned in the order for the purpose of
remedying the default.

(2) Before deciding that a local authority have failed to exercise their powers
under Part III. of the principal Act, the Board shall take into consideration
the necessity for further accommodation for the housing of the working classes in
such district, the probabilit.y that the required accommodation will not be otherwise
provided, and the other circumstances of the case, and whether ha\ang regard to the
liability which will be incurred by the rates, it is pnident for the local authority to
undei'take the provision of such accommodation.

(3) Where an order originally made under this section on the council of a county
district is not complied ^\'ith by that council, the Local Government Board may, if they
think fit, with the consent of the county council, instead of enforcing that order against
the council of the county district, make an order directing the county council to caiTy
out any works or do any other things which are mentioned in the original order for the
pui'pose of remedying the default of the district council.

(4) "Where the Board make an order under this section dii'ecting a county council to
cany out anj' works or do anj- other thing, the order ma3% for the purpose of enabling
the covuity council to give effect to the order, appl}' any of the pro\dsions of the Housing
Acts or of section sixty-three of the Local Government Act, 1894, with such modifica-
tions or adaptations (if any) as appear necessary or expedient.

(5) An order made by the Local Government Board under this section shall be laid
before both Houses of Parliament as soon as maj^ be after it is made.

(6) Any order made by the Local Government Board under this section may be
enforced by mandamus.

Power of Local Government Board to Order Schemes, &c., to he Carried Out
Within a Limited Time.

11 — (1) "Wliere it appears to the Local Government Board that a local authority
have failed to perform their duty tuider the Housing Acts of canrj'ing out an improve-
ment scheme under Part I. of the principal Act. or have failed to give effect, to any
order as respects an obstructive building, or to a I'econstruction scheme, under Part II.
of that Act, or have failed to cause to be made the inspection of their district required
by this Act, the Board may make an order requiring the local authority to remedy the
default and to cany out anj- works or do any other things which are necessary for the
purpose under the Housing Acts within a time fixed by the order.

(2) Any order made bj' the Local* Government Board under this section ma}' be
enforced by mandamus.

PoiKcrs of County Council to Act in Default of Jiural District Council
Under Part III. of the Principod Act.

12 — "Where a complaint is made to the council of a coiTuty ly the parish C()uncil or
parish meeting of any parish comprised in any niral district in the count}', or by any
four inhaltitant householders of that district, the county council may cause a public
local inquiry to be held, and if, after holding such an niquiry, the county council are
satisfied that the rural district council have failed to exercise their powers under
Part III. of the principal Act in cases where those powers ought to have been exercised,
the county council may resolve that the powers of the district council for the purposes
of that Part be transferreil to the county council with respect either to the whole
district or to any parish in the district, and those powers shall be transferred accord-
ingly, and, subject t) the provisions of this Act, section sixty-three of the Local
Government Act, 1894, shall apply as if the powers had been transferred under
that Act.

Power of County Council to Exercise Powers of Pural District Coiotcil
Under Part III. of the Principal Act.

18 — (]) Where the council of a county are of opinion that for any reason it is
expedient that the council should exercise, as respects any rural district in the county,
any of the powers of a local authority under Part III. of the principal Act. the

10 INTERNATIONAL HOUSING CONGRESS.

council, after giving notice to the council of the district of their intention to do so, may-
apply to the Local Government Board for an order conferring such powers on them.

(2) Upon such an application being made, tlie Boan.l may make an order conferring
on the county cotmcil as respects the rural district all or any of the powei'S of a local
authority luider Part III. of the principal Act, and thereupon the provisions of the
Housing Acts relating to those powers (including those enabling the Puljlic Works
Loans Commissioners to lend, and fixing the terms for which money may lie lent and
boiTowed) shall apply as if the council were a local authority under Part III. of the
principal Act : Provided that the expenses incun-ed by the county council under any-
such order shall be defraj'ed as expenses for general county purposes.

(3) Where, under any such order, the county council have executed any works in a
rui-al district they may transfer the works to the coimcil of that district on .such terms
and subject to such conditions as may be agreed between them.

Contracts by Landlord.

E,dension of s. 75 of the Principal Act.

14 — In 'any contract made after the passing of this Act for letting for habita-
tion a house or pai't of a house at a rent not exceeding : —

((() in the case of a house situate in the administrative county of London, forty

pounds :
(h) in the case of 'a house situate in a borough or urban district with a popula-
tion according to the last census for the time being of fifty thousand or
upwards, twentj^-six pounds ;
(c) in the case of a house situate elsew^here, sixteen pounds ;
there shall be implied a condition that the house is at the commencement of the holding
in all respects reasonably fit for human habitation, but the condition aforesaid shall
not be implied when a house or part of a house is let for a term of not less than three
years upon the terms that it be put by the lessee into a condition reasonably fit for
occupation, and the lease is not determinable at the option of either partj' before the
expiration of that term.

Condition as to Kee^nng Houses Let to Persons of the Worl-ing Classes

in Repair.

15 — (1) The last foregoing section shall as respects contracts to which that section
applies take effect as if the condition implied by that section included an undertaking
that the house shall, during the holding, be kept by the landlord in all respects
reasonably fit for human habitation.

(2) The landlord or the local authority, or any person authorised by hiin or them in
Avriting, may at reasonable times of the day, on gi^•ing twenty-four hoiu's' notice in
■wi-iting to the tenant or occupier, enter any house, premises, or building to Avhich this
section applies for the purpose of \dew-ing tlie state and condition therof .

(3) If it appears to the local authority within the meaning of Part II. of the
principal Act that the undertaking impHed by virtue of this section is not complied
with in the case of any house to which it applies, the authority shall, if a closing order
is not made with respect to the house, by written notice requii-e the landlord, \\'ithin a
reasonable time, not being less than twenty-one days, specified in the notice, to execute
such works as the authority shall specify in the notice as being necessaiy to make the
house in all respects reasonably fit for human habitation.

(4) Witliin twenty-one days after the receipt of such notice the landlord may by
■wiitten notice to the local authority declare his intention of closing the house for
human habitation, and thereupon a closing order shall be deemed to have become
operative in respect of such house.

(5) If the notice given by the local authority is not complied with, and if the land-
lord has not given the notice mentioned in the immediately preceding Isubsection, the
authority may, at the expiration of the time specified in the notice given by them to
the landlord, do the work required to be eloneand recover the expenses incuiTed liy them
in so doing from the landlord as a ci^•il debt in manner provided by the Summary
Jurisdiction Acts, or, if they think fit, the authoritj^ niay by order declare any such
expenses to be payable l.>y annual instahnents within a period not exceeding that of the
interest of the landlord in the house nor in any case five years, with interest at a rate
not exceeding five pounds per cent, per annum until the whole amount is paid, and any
such instahnents or interest or anj' part thereof may be recovered fi-om the landlord as
a civil debt in manner provided by the Siunmaiy Jurisdiction Acts.

HOUSING AND TOWN PLANNING ACT. 11

(6) A landlord may appeal to the Local Govemment Board against any notice
requii-ing Mm to execute works umler this section, and against any demand for the
recoveiy of expenses fi-om him under this section or order made with respect to those
■expenses under this section Ijy the authority, by givin": notice of appeal to the Board
within twenty-one daj-s after the notice is received, or the demand or order is made, as
the case may he, and no proceedings shall be taken in respect of such notice requii'ing
works, order or demand, whilst the appeal is pending.

(7) In this section, the expression " landlord " means any person who lets to a tenant
for habitation the house under any contract referred to in this section, and includes his
successors in title, and the expression " house " includes part of a house.

3 Eclw. VII., c. 39.

(8) Sections fortj'-nine and tiftj'' of the principal Act, as amended oy section thii-teen
of the Housing of the AVorking Classes Act. 1903 (which relate to the service of notices
and the description of owner in proceedings), shall apply for the piu-poses of this
section, with the substitution, where required, of the landlord for the owner of a
dwelling-house.

(9) Any remedy given by this section for non-compliance with the undertaking
implied by virtue of this section, shall be in addition to and not in derogation of any
other remedy available to the tenant against the landlord, either at common law or
otherwise.

Extension of Poicer of Maldng Bijelaivs ivith Respect to Lodging Houses for

the Working Classes, 64 and 55 Vict., c. 76.
16 — (1) The power of making and enforcing b3'elaws iinder section ninety of the
Public Health Act, 1875, and section ninety-four of the Piilolic Health (London)
Act, 1891, with respect to houses or parts of houses which are let in lodgings or occupied
by memljers of more than one family, shall, in the case of houses intended for the
working classes, extend to the making and enforcing of liyelaws imposing any duty
(being a cluty which may lie imposed bj' the byelaws and which involves the execution
of w-ork) upon the owner ^\-ithin the meaning of the said Acts, in addition to or in
substitution for any other person having an interest in the premises, and prescriljing the
circumstances and conditions in and subject to which any such duty is tol)e discharged.

(2) For the purpose of discharging any duty so imposed the owner or other person
may at all reasonable times enter upon any pai-t of the premises, and section tifty-one
of the principal Act shall apply as if for the reference to the pro\asions of Pai-t II. of
that Act there were suljstituted a reference to the provisions of such byelaws. and as if
the person on whom such duty is imposed were the owner and any inmate of the
premises were the occupier of a dwelhng hoiise.

(3) Where an owmer or other person has failed to execute any work which he has
been requii-ed to execute under the byelaws, the local authority or sanitary aiithority,
as the case may be, may. after giving to him not less than twenty-one days' notice in
writing, themselves execute the works and recover the costs and expenses, and for that
purpose the l^ro^'isions of subsection (5) of the last foregoing section, with respect to
the execution of works and the recovery of expenses l>y local authorities, shall apply as
if the owner or other person were the landlord and wiui such other adaptions a.s may lie
necessary.

Amendment of Procedure for Closing Orders and Demolition Orders.
Duty of Local Authority as to Closing of DirelUug-hoase Unfit for Human Habitation.
17 — (1) It shall be the duty of every local authority within the meaning of Part II.
of the principal Act to cause to be made from time to time inspection of their
district, ^\^.th a view to ascertain whether any dwelling-house therein is in a state so
dangerous or injurious to health as to l)e unfit for human hal.>itation. and for that
purpose it shall be the duty of the local authority and of every officer of the local
authority to comply with .such regulations and to keep such records as may be
prescribed by the Board.

(2) If on the representation of the medical officer of health, or of any other officer of
the authority, or other information given, any dwi'lling-honse appears to theni to lie in
such a state, it shall be their duty to make an order prohiViting the use of the dwelling-
house for human liabitation (iii this Act referred to as a closing order) until in the
judgment of the local authority the dwelling-house is rendered fit for that purfiose.

(3) Notice of a closing order shall be forthwith sei-ved on eveiy owner of the
dwelling-house in respect of which it is made, and any owner aggrieved by the order
may appeal to the Local Govemment Board by gi\'ing notice of ai)]ieal to the Board
within foiirteen days after the order is served upon him.

12 INTERNATIONAL HOUSING CONGRESS.

(4) Where a closing order has become operative, the local authoritj' shall serve
notice of the order on every occupying tenant of the dwelling-house in respect of which
the order is made, and within such period as is specified in the notice, not being less
than fourteen days at'tor the service of the notice, the order shall be obeyed ]>y him,
and he and his family shall cease to inhabit the dwelling-house, and in default he shall
be liable on siimmary conviction to be ordered to quit the dwelling-house within such
time as may be specified in the order.

(b) Unless the dwelling-house has been made unfit for habitation by the wilful act
or default of the tenant or of any person for whom as between himself and the owner or
landlord he is responsible, the local authority may make to every such tenant such
reasonable allowance on account of his expense in removing as may be determined by
the local authority with the consent of the owner of the dwelling-house, or if the owner
of the dwelling-house fails to consent to the sum determined Ijy the local authority, as
may be fixed by a court of summary jurisdiction, and the amount of the said allowance
shall be recoverable by the local authority from the owner of the dwelling-house as a
civil debt in manner provided by the Summary Jurisdiction Acts.

(6) The local authority shall determine any closing order made bj" them if they
are satisfied that the dwelling-house in respect of which the order has been made has
been rendered fit for human habitation.

If on the application of any owiier of a dwelling-house, the local authority refiise to
determine a closing order, the owner maj' appeal to the Local Government Board by
giving notice of appeal to the Board within fourteen days after the application is
refused.

(7) A room habitually used as a sleeping place, the surface of the floor of which is
more than three feet below the surface of the part of the street adjoining or nearest to
the room, shall for the purposes of this section be deemed to be a dwelling-house so
dangerous or injurious to health as to be unfit for human habitation, if the room
either —

(a-) is not on an average at least seven feet in height from floor to ceiling ; or
(b) does not comply mth such regulations as the local atithoritj^ with the consent
of the Local Government Board may prescribe for securing the proper
ventilation and lighting of such rooms, and the protection thereof against
dampness, effluvia, or exhalation : Provided that if the local authority, after
being required to do so by the Local Government Board, fail to make such
regulations, or such regulations as the Board approve, the Board may
themselves make them, and the regulations so made shall have efEect as if
they had been made by the local authority with the consent of the Board.
Provided that a closing order made in respect of a room to which this subsection
applies shall not prevent the room being used for purposes other than those of a
sleeping place, and that if the occupier of the room, after notice of an order has been
served upon him, fails to comply ^vith the order, an order to comply therewith maj', on
summaiy conviction, lie made against him.

This subsection shall not come into operation until the first day of July nineteen
hundred and ten, and a closing order made in respect of any room to which this sub-
section applies shall not be treated as a closing order in respect of a dwelling-house for
the pui-poses of the next succeeding section.

Order for Demolition.

18— (1) Where a closing order in respect of any dwelling-house has remained
operative for a period of three -months, the local authority shall take into consideration
the question of the demolition of the dwelling-house, and shall give every owner of the
dw-elling-hoiise notice of the time (lieing some time not less than one month after the
service of the notice) and place at which the question will be considered, and any
owner of the dwelling-house shall be entitled to be heard when the question is so taken
into consideration.

(2) If upon any such consideration the, local authority are of opinion that the
dwelling-house has not Ijeen rendered fit for human habitation, and that the neces.sary
steps are not being taken A\4th all due dihgence to render it so fit, or that the continu-
ance of any building being or being part of the dwelling-house is a nuisance or
dangeroxis or injurious to the health of the public or of the inhabitants of the neigh-
bouring dwelling-houses, they shall order the demolition of the building.

(3) If any owner undertakes to execute forthwith the works necessary to render the
dwelling-ho\ise fit for human habitation, and the local authority consider that it can be
so rendered fit for human habitation, the local authority may, if they think fit. postpone

>iuL>lMi AND TOWN PLANNING ACT. 1-^

the operation of the order for such time not exceeding six months as they think
sufficient for the purpose of gi\^ng the owner an opportunity of executing the necessary
works.

(4) Notice of an order for the demolition of a building shall be forthwith sei-ved on
every o-svner of the building in respect of which it is made, and any owner aggrieved by
the order may appeal to the Local Government Board by giving notice of appeal to the
Board within twentj^-one days after the order is served upon him.

Povjer to Bedeetn Annuities Charged by Charging Order Under s. 36 of the

Principal Act.

19 — Any owner of or other person interested in a dwelling-house on which an
annuity has been charged by a charging order made luider section thirty-six of the
principal Act (which relates to the grant of charges) shall at any time be at liberty to
redeem the annuity on payment to the person entitled to the annuity of such sum as
may be agreed upon, or in default of agreement determined by the Local Government
Board.

Provision as to Priority of Charges Under s. 37 of the Principal Act.

20 — The charges excei)ted in subsection (1) of section thirty-seven of the principal
Act (which relates to the incidence of charges) shall include charges on the dwelling-
house created or arising under anj' provision of the PuIjHc Health Acts, or luider any
provision in any local Act authorising a charge for recovery of expenses incurred bj- a
local authority.

Restriction on Pover of Court of Summary Jurisdiction to Extend Time.

21 — Subsection (3) of section forty-seven of the principal Act (which gives power to

a court of summary jiu-isdiction to enlarge the time for certain matters) shall cease to

have effect as respects the time allowed for the execution of anj' works or the demolition

of a building under a closing order or under an order for the demolition of a building.

Amendments With Kespect to Improvement and Reconstruction Schemes.
Amendment (f s. 4 of the Principal Act as to Official Representation.
22 — In section four of the principal Act (which relates to an official representation),
the words " that the most satisfactory method of dealing Avith the evils connected with
such houses, courts, or alleys, and the sanitaiy defects in such area is an improvement
scheme " shall be substituted for the words '" that the evils connected with such houses,
courts, or alleys, and the sanitary defects in such area cannot be effectually remedied
othermse than by means of an improvement scheme."

Amendment of the Prviicipal Act as to Contents of Schemes.

23— (1) Section six of the principal Act (which relates to the contents of an
improvement .scheme) shall be read as if in suljsection (1) the words "for sanitiiry pur-
poses" were omitted in paragraph (a) ; and as if the following ])iu-agvaph was inserted
at the end of that subsection : —

and _ ...

(e) may provide for any other matter (including the closing and diversion ot

highways) for which it seems expedient to make ]n-o vision with a view to the

improvement of the area or the general efficiency of the scheme.

(2) Provision may Ije made in a reconstruction scheme under Part II. of the

principal Act for any matters for which provision may be made in an improvement

scheme made under Part I. of that Act.

Amendment of 3 Edivd. VII., c. 39, s. 5.

24— (1) Paragraphs (a) and (h) of sub-section (2) of section five of the Housing of
the Working Classes Act. IW:) (wliicli limit the cases under which an order confirming
an improvement scheme takes effect without confirmation by Parliament) shall cease
to have effect.

(2) An order of the Local Government Board sanctioning a reconstruction scheme,
and authorising the compulsory purchase of land for the purpose, shall, notwithstanding
anything in section thirty-nine of the principal Act, take effect without confirmation.

Modification of Schemes.
25— The Local Government Board may, in the exercise of their power under section
fifteen or sub-section (9) of section thirty-nine of the piincipal Act, permit the local

14 INTERNATIONAL HOTTSING CONGRESS.

authority to modify their scheme, not only hy tlie abandonment of any ])ai*t of the
scheme which it may appear inexpedient to carry into execution, hut also hy amending
or adding to the scheme in matters of detail in such manner as appears expedient to
the Board.

Inquiries hy Local Qovernment Board Inspectors as to UnJiealtTiy Areas.

26 — Any inspector or officer of the Local Government Board, or any person
employed by the Board, may be directed to make any inspection or inquiry which is
reqiiired for the purposes of section sixteen of the principal Act (which relates to
inquiries made on the default of a medical officer), and section eighty-five of that Act
(which relates to inquiries by the Looal Government Board), as amended by this Act,
shall apply as respects any insiDection or inquiry so held as it applies to local inquiries
held under that section.

Amendment as to the Vesting of Water Pipes, S:c.

27 — An improvement scheme under Part I. of the principal Act may. with the
consent of the person or body of persons entitled to any right or easement which would
be extinguished by virtue of section twenty-two of the principal Act, provide for any
exceptions, restrictions, or modifications in the application to that right or easement of
that section, and that section shall take eifect subject to any such exceptions, restrictions,
or modifications.

AQnendment of s. o8 of the Principal Act as to Distrihution of Co'mpensation Money
and as to Betterment Charges.

28 — (1) The amount of any compensation payable under section thirty-eight of the
principal Act (which relates to obstructive buildings) shall, when settled liy arbitration
in manner provided by that section, l^e apportioned by the arbitrator between any
persons having an interest in the compensation in such manner as the arbitrator
determines.

(2) The power of the arbitrator to apportion compensation under the foregoing
provision and to apportion any part of the compensation to be paid for the demolition
of an obstructive building amongst other buildings under sub-section (8) of the said
section thirty-eight may be exercised in cases where the amount to he paid for com-
pensation has been settled otherwise than by arbitration under the princiijal Act by an
arbitrator appointed for the special purpose, on the application of the local authority,
by the Local Government Board, and the provisions of that Act shall apply as if the
arbitrator so appointed had been appointed as arbitrator to settle the amoiint to be
paid for compensation.

Eicplanation of Sections 21 (2) aiid 41 (3) of the Principal Act.

29 — For removing doubts it is hereby declared that a local authority may tender
evidence before an arliitrator to prove the facts under the headings (first) (secondly)
(thirdly) mentioned in sub-section (2) of section tAventy-one and sub-section (3) of
section forty-one of the principal Act, notwithstanding that the local authority have not
taken any steps with a view to remedjang the defects or evils disclosed by the evidence.

Amendments with Respect to Financial Matters.

Ainendment as to Application of Money Borrowed for the Purpose of the
Dwelling-house hnprovement Fund.

30 — No deficiency in the Dwelling-house Improvement Fund shall l;>e supplied under
sub-section (2) of section twenty-four of the principal Act out of borrowed money unless
the deficiency arises in respect of money required for purposes to which Ijorrowed
money is, in the opinion of the Local Government Board, properly applicable.

Expenses of Rural District Council Zhider Part III. of the Principal Act.

31 — (1) The expenses incurred by a rural district council after the passing of this
Act in the execution of Part III. of the principal Act shall be defrayed as general
expenses of the council in the execution of the Public Health Acts, except so far as the
Local Government Board on the application of the council declare that any such
expenses are to be le^-ied as special expenses charged on specified contribu-
tory places or as general expenses charged on specified contributory places in
the district in such proportions as the district council may determine, to the

HOUSIXG AXD TOWN PLANNING ACT. lo

exclusion of other parts of tlie district, ami a niral district council may Ijorrow for the
purposes of Part III. of the principal Act in like manner and subject to the like
conditions as for the purpose of defraying- tlie above-mentioned general or special
expenses.

(2) The district council shall g-ive notice to the overseers of any contributory place
proposed to he charged of any apportionment made by them under this section, and
the overseers if aggi'ieved by the apportionment may appeal to the Local Go\"ernment
Board by giving notice of appeal to the Boanl within t\ventj--one days after notice has
been so given of the apportionment.

Applicaiioii of Proceeds of Land Sold Under Fart III. of the Principal Act.
32— \yhere any land vested in a local authority for the purposes of Part III. of
the principal Act is sold under section sixty of that Act (which relates to the sale and
exchange of lands), the proceeds may be applied not only as provided by that section,
but also for any pm-pose, including repayment of bon-owed money, for which capital
money may be applied, and which is approved by the Local Grovernment Board.

ifode in v:liich Gontributions by London Borough, Councils to the County Council
or vice versa May be Made.

33 — Ajiy payment or contribution agreed or ordered to be made under sub-section
(6) or (7) of section forty-six of the principal Act, as amended by section fourteen of
tlie Housing of the Working Classes Act, 1903 (which relate to paj-ments or contribu-
tions bj' borough councils towards the expenses of the coiuity council, or by the
county council towards the expenses of borough councils in London), may be made
either by means of the payment of a lump sum or by means of an annual payment of
such amount and for such number of years as may be agreed upon or oi'dered.

Exemption from s, 133 of S and 9 Vict, c. 18.
34 — Section one hundred and thirty-three of the Lands Clauses Consolidation Act,
1845 (relating to Land Tax and Poor Rate), shall not apply in the case of any lands of
which a local authority becomes possessed by ^drtue of the Hoiasing Acts.

E.cemptioii of Lodging Houses for the Working Classes fro^n Inhabited House Duty.

35 — (1) The assessment to Inhabited House Duty of any house occupied for the
sole pm-pose of letting lodgings to persons of the working classes, at a charge of not
exceeding sixpence a night for each person, shall be discharged by the Commissioners
acting in the execution of the Acts relating to the Inhabited House Duties, upon the
production of a cei-tificate to the effect that the house is solely constructed and used to
afford suitable accommodation for the lodgers, and that due provision is made for their
sanitary requirements.

63 cmd 54 Vict., c. 8.

(2) The provisions of sub- section two of section twenty-six of the Customs and
Inland Eevenue Act, 1890, in relation to the certificate mentioned therein, shall, so far
as applicable, apply to the certificate to be produced under this section.

General Amendments.

Pou-er of Entry.

36 — Any person authorised in writing stating the particular purpose or pui-poses
for which the entry is authorised, by the local autliority or the Local- Government
Boai-d, may at all reasonable times, on giving twentj^-four hours' notic-e to the occupier
and to the owner, if the owner is known, of his intention, enter any house, premises, or
buildings —

(a) for the purpose of siirvey or valuation, in the case of houses, premises, or
buildings which tlie local authority are authorised to purchase compulsorily
under the Housing Acts ; and
(6) for the purpose of survey and examination, in the case of any dwelling-
house in respect of wliich a closing order or an order for demolition has been
made ; or
(c) for the purpose of siu-vey and examination, where it appears to the authority
or Board that survey or examination is necessary in order to determine
whether any powers under the Housing Acts should be exercised in respect
of any house, premises, or building.
Notice may be given to the occupier for the pur]poses of this section Ijy leaving a
notice addi'essed to the occupier, Mithout name or further description, at tlie house,
buildings, or premises.

10 [NTEHNATIOXAL HOL'SFN*; COXGRK.SS.

Power of Local Oovernment Board to Obtain a Rei^orl on any Crowded Area.

37 — If it appears to the Local Government Board that owing to density of popula-
tion, or any other reason, it is expedient to inquire into the circumstances of any area
■with a view to determiuino' whether any powers under the Housing Acts should he put
into force in that area or not, the Local Government Board may require the local
authority to make a report to them containing such particulars as to the population of
the district and other matters as they direct, and the local liuthoi-itj^ shall comply with
the reqiiirement of the Local Government Board, and any expenses incurred by them
in so doing shall be paid as expenses incurred in the execution of such Part of the
principal Act as the Local Government Board determine.

Joint Action by Local Authorities.

38 — Where upon an application made by one of the local authorities concerned, the
Local Government Board are satisfied that it is expedient that any local authorities
should act jointly for any purposes of the Housing Acts, either generally or in any
special case, the Board may by order make provision for the purpose, and any pro\dsions
so made shall have the same effect as if they were contained in a pro^'^sional order
made under section two hundred and seventj'-nine of the Pul>lic Health Act, 1875, for
the formation of a united district.

Appeals to Local Government Board.

39 — (1) The procedure on any appeal under this Part of this Act including costs to
ttie Local Government Board shall be such as the Board may by rules determine, and
on any such appeal the Board may make such order in the matter as they think
equitable, and any order so made shall be binding and conclusive on all parties, and
where the appeal is against any notice, order, or apportionment given or made by the
local aiithority, the notice, order, or apportionment may be confirmed, varied, or
quashed as the Board think just.
Provided that —

(o) the Local Government Board may at any stage of the proceedings on appeal,
and shall, if so directed by the High Court, state in the form of a special
case for the opinion of the Court any qu.estion of law arising in the
course of the appeal, and
(b) the rules shall proAade that the Local Government Board shall not
dismiss any appeal without having first held a public local inquiiy.

(2) Any notice, order, or apportionment as respects which an appeal to the Local
Government Board is given under this Part of this Act shall not become operative
until either the time within which an appeal can be made under this Part of this Act
has elapsed without an appeal being made, or in case an appeal is made, the appeal is
determined or abandoned, and no work shall be done or proceedings taken under any
such notice, order, or apportionment, until it becomes operative.

(3) The Local Government Board may before considering anj- appeal which may be
made to them under this Part of this Act require the appellant to deposit such siim to
cover the costs of the appeal as may be fixed by the rules made bj' them ^-ith reference
to appeals.

Sale and Disposal of Divellings.

40 — Notwithstanding anytliing contained in the principal Act it shall not be
obligatory upon a local authority to sell and dispose of any lands or dwellings acquii-ed
or constructed by them for anj^ of the purposes of the Housing Acts.

Pow'er to Prescribe Forms and to Dispense v:itli Advertisements and 2^otices.

41 — (1) The Local Government Board may by order prescribe the form of anj' notice
advertisement, or other document, to be used in connection with the powers and duties-
of a local authority or of the Board luider the Housing Acts, and the forms so-
prescribed, or forms as near thereto as circumstances admit, shall be used in all
cases to which those forms are applicable.

(2) The Local Government Board may dispense with the publication of advertise-
ments or the service of notices required to be published or seiwed bj' a local authoritj'
luider the Housing Acts, if they are satisfied that there is reasonable cause for
dispensing with the publication or service.

(3) Any such dispensation may be given by the Local Govei*nment Board either
before or after the time at which the advertisement is required to be published or the
notice is required to be served, and either unconditionall)' or upon such conditions as to

HOlTSrXG AXD TOWX PLAXXIXG ACT. 1/

the publioation of other advertisements or the service of other notices or otherwise as
the Board think fit, due care lieing^ taken by the Board to prevent the interests of any
person being prejudiced by the dispensation.

Provision as to PvMicaiion in "London Gazette."

42 — Where under the Housing Acts, any scheme or order or any draft scheme or
order is to be published in the London Gazette, or notice of any such scheme or order
or draft scheme or order is to be given in the London Gazette, it shall be sufficient in
lieu of such publication or notice to insert a notice giving short particulars of the
scheme, order, or di-aft, and stating where copies thereof can be inspected or obtained
in two local newspapers circulating in the area affected by the scheme, order, or draft,
or to give notice thereof in such other manner as the Local Government Board
determine.

Prohibition of Back-io-back Houses.

43— Xotwithstanding anything in any local Act or byelaw in force in any borough
or district, it shall not l^e lawful to erect any back-to-back houses intended to be used
as dwellings for the working classes, and any such house commenced to be erected
after the passing of this Act shall be deemed to be unfit for human habitation for the
purposes of the provisions of the Housing Acts.

Provided that nothing in this section —

(a) shall prevent the erection or use of a house containing several tenements in
which the tenements are placed back to back, if the medical officer of health
for the district cei'tifies that the several tenements are so constructed and
arranged as to secure effective ventilation of all habitable rooms in every
tenement ; or

(b) shall apply to houses abutting on any streets the plans whereof have been
approved by the local authority before the first day of May, nineteen
hundred and nine, in any borough or district in which, at the passing of this
Act, any local Act or byelaws are in force permitting the erection of back-to-
back houses,

Power to Local Government Board to Revoke Unreasonable Byelavjs.

44— If the Local Government Board are satisfied, by local inquiry or otherwise, that
the erection of dwellings for the working classes mthin any borough, or urban or rural
district, is unreasonably impeded in consequence of any byelaws \vith respect to new
streets or builtlings in force therein, the Board may require the local authority to
revoke such bj'elaws, or to make such new byelaws as the Board maj' consider necessary
for the removal of the impediment. If the local authority do not witliin tlu-ee months
after such requisition comply therewith, the Board maj' themselves revoke such
byelaws, and make such new byelaws as they may consider necessary for the removal
of the impediment, and such new byelaws shall have effect as if. they had been duly
made by the local a\ithority and confirmed by the Board.

Saving of Sites of Ancient Monuments, &e., 53 and 54 Vict., c. 70.

45 — Nothing in the Housing Acts shall authorise the acqiiisition for the purposes of
those Acts of any land which is the site of an ancient monument or other object of
archa?ological intei'est. or the comj^ulsory acqiiisition for the purposes of Part III. of
the Housing of the "Working Classes Act, 1890, of anj' land which is the property of
any local authority or has been acquired by an}' corporation or com|)any for the
purposes of a railway, dock, canal, water, or other puljlic undertaking, or which at the
date of the order forms part of any park, garden, or pleasure ground, or is otherwise
required for the amenity or convenience of anj- dwelling-hi>use.

Minor Amendments of Jlousiiig Acts.

46 — The amendments specified in the second column of the Second Schedule to this
Act, which relate to minor details, shall be made in the provisions of the Housing
Acts specified in the first column of that Schediile, and section sixty-three of the
principal Act (which relates to the disqualification of tenants of lodging-houses on
receiving poor relief) shall be repealed.

B

18 intkrnatioxal housina congress.

Definitions.
Provisions of iliis Tart to he Deemed to he Fart of the Appropriate Part of the

Principal Act.

47 — (1) Any provisions of this Act which supersede or amend any provisions of the
principal Act shall be deemed to be part of that Part of the principal Act in which the
provisions superseded or amended are contained.

(2) Any reference in the Housing Acts to a closi'ng order or to an order for the
demolition of a building shall be construed as a reference to a closing order or an order
of demolition under this Act.

Amendment of Definitions in Part I. of the Principal Act.

48 — The expression "street" shall, unless the context otherwise requires, have the
same meaning in Part I. of the principal Act as it has in Part II. of that Act, and
shall include any court, alley, street, square, or row of hoiises.

Amendment of Definitions for Purpose of Part II. of the Principal Act.

49 — (1) The words " means any inhabited building and " shall be omitted from the
definition of " dwelling house " in section twenty-nine of the principal Act.

(2) For the definition of owner in the same section the following definition shall be
substituted : —

" The expression 'owner,' in addition to the definition given by the Lands Clauses
Acts, includes all lessees or mortgagees of any premises required to be dealt
with \inder this Part of this Act, except persons holding or entitled to the
rents and profits of such premises under a lease the original term whereof
is less than twenty-one years."

Definition of Cottage.

50 — For the definition of cottage in section fifty-three of the principal Act the
following definition shall be substituted : —

The expression " cottage," in this Part of this Act may include a gai'den of not
more than one acre.

Definition of Housing Acts.

51 — In this Part of this Act the expression " Housing Acts " means the principal

Act, and any Act amending that Act, including this Act.

Application of Part I. to Scotland.
Extension of 63 and 64 Vict., c. 59, and 3 Edw. VII., c. 39 to Scotland.

52 — Subject as hereinafter provided, the Housing of the Working Classes Act, 1900,
and the Hoiising of the Working Classes Act, 1903, shall as amended by this Act
apply to Scotland.

Application of Housing Acts to Scotland.

53 — In addition to the provisions of the principal Act respecting the application of
that Act to Scotland, the following provisions shall have effect in the application of
the Housing Acts to Scotland : —

(1) The Local Government Board for Scotland (hereinafter in this section referred
to as the Board) shall, except as otherwise provided, be substituted for the Local
Government Board, and shall also in Part III. of the principal Act as amended and in
section five of the Housing of the Working Classes Act, 1900, be substituted for the
county council :

(2) The Lord Advocate shall be substituted for the Attorney- General :

60 and 61 Vict., c. 38.

(3) The expression " Piiblic Health Acts " means the Public Health (Scotland) Act
1897, and any Act amending the same. References to the PiibHc Health Act. 1875, shall,
unless the context otherwise reqxiires, be construed as references to the Pubhc Health
(Scotland) Act, 1897, a reference to an order under section eighty-thi-ee of the Public
Health (Scotland) Act, 1897, shall be substituted for a reference to a provisional order
under section two hundred and seventy -nine of the Public Health Act, 1875, and a
reference to section seventy-two of the Public Health (Scotland) Act, 1897, shall be
substituted for a reference to section ninety of the Public Health Act, 1875 :

HOUSING AXD TOWN PLANNING ACT. 19

(4) The reference in section fifty-seven of the principal Act to sections of the Public
Health Act, 1875, relating- to the purchase of lands, shall be construed as a reference to
the corresponding- sections of the Public Health (Scotland) Act, 1897 : Provided that for
the pui-poses of Part III. of the principal Act the procedure under section two of tliis
Act for the compulsoiy purchase of land shall be substituted for the procedure for the
compulsoiT purchase of land imder section one hundred and fortj^-five of the Public
Health (Scotland) Act, 1897 :

(5) The district and the local authority for the purposes of the Public Health (Scot-
land) Act, 1897, shall respectively be the district and the local aiithority, and the public
liealth general assessment shall be the local rate, for the purposes of the Housing Acts ;
pro^-ided that such local rate shall not be reckoned in any calculation as to the statutory'
limit of the public health general assessment ; and provided further that a local
authority not being a town council niaj^ where so authorised by the Board in terms of
the Housing Acts, assess and levy such local rate upon all lamls and heritages witliin
one or more of the parishes or special districts comprised in their district, to the
exclusion of other parishes or special districts within the district :

(6) A local authority may, vrith. the consent of the Board, borrow money for the
purposes authorised in the Housing Acts on the security of the local rate in the same
manner and subject to the same conditions as nearly as may be as they may borrow for
the provision of permanent hospitals under the Public Health (Scotland) Act, 1897 ;
provided that all money so borrowed shall, notwithstanding the terms of section one
hundred and forty-one" of the said Act, be wholly repaid together with the accruing
interest within such period not exceeding eighty j-ears from the date of the loan as the
Board may determine in each case :

(7) The expressions "urban sanitaiy authority " and " rural sanitary authority" or
" riu-al district council " mean respectively the local authoritj^ (for the purposes of the
Public Health (Scotland) Act, 1897) of a burgh and of a district not being a burgh, and
the expressions "iirban district" and "rural distiict," shall be construed accordinglj' :

60 and 61 Vict, c. 38 : 52 and 53 Vict, c. 50.

(8) The Acts relating to nuisances mean as respects any place the Public Health
(Scotland) Act, 1897, and the Local Government (Scotland) Act, 1889, and any Act
amending the. same or either of, them, and any local Act which contains any
provisions with respect to nuisances in that place :

(9) Except so far as inconsistent with the provisions of subsection (1) of section
eighty-five of the principal Act, sections seven, eight, nine, and ten of the PubUc Health
(Scotland) Act. 1897, shall apply for the purpose of local inquii-ies ordered by the Board
under the Housing Acts :

(10) Section one, subsection (1) of section four, and section ten of the Housing of
the Working Classes Act, 1903, shall not apply. In the last-mentioned Act sections
three and twelve shall apply mth the substitution of the date of the passing of this
Act for the date of the passing of that Act, and the Schedule shall apply with the
modifications specified in the Third Schedule to this Act :

(11) Where a complaint is made to the Board —

(a) as respects the district of a local authority not being a town council, by the

county council or by the parish council or landward committee, of any parish

comprised in the distiict, or by any four inhabitant householders of the

district; or

(h) as respects any other district by any four inhabitant householders of the

district ;

that the local authority have failed to exercise their jjowers under Part II. or Part

III. of the principal Act in cases where those powers ought to have been exercised,

the Board may cause a public local inquiry to be held, and if after holding such

an inquir}^ the Board are satisfied that tliere has been such a failure on the part of

the local autliority. it shall be lawful for the Board, with the approval of the Lord

Advocate, to apply by summary petition to either Division of the Court of Session,

or during vacation or recess to the Lord Ordinary on the Bills, which Division or Lord

Ordiuaiy are hereby authorised and directed to do therein and to dispose of the

expenses of the proceedings as to the said Division or Lord Ordinary shall appear to

be just. Section ten of this Act shall not apply :

(1*2) Where it appears to the Board that a local autliority have failed to perform
their duty under the Housing Acts of carrying out an improvement scheme under
Part I, of the Principal Act, or have failed to make, or. it' made, to give efifect to

b2

20 JNTERXATIOXAL HOUSING CONURESS.

any order as respects an obstnxctive Ijuikliiig, or any reconstruction scheme, under
Part II. of that Act, or have failed to cause to he made the inspection of their district
required hy this Act. it shall he lawful for the Board to apply hy summary petition to
either Division of the Coixrt of Session, or during vacation or recess to tlie Lord
Ordinary on the Bills, which Division or Lord Ordinary are hereby authorised and
directed as in the immevliatelj^ preceding subsection. Section eleven of this Act shall
not apply :

(13) Section twelve and Section thirteen of this Act shall not apply :

60 and 61, Vict. c. :J8

(14) Sections fifteen, seventeen, eighteen, and thirty-nine of this Act shall apply
with the substitution (except as regards the making of, or consenting to, regulations)
of the sheriff for the Local Government Board and of the Court of Session for the
High Court : provided that the reference to a public local inquiry shall not apph', and
provided further where an appeal is competent under any of these sections an appeal
shall not be competent under section thirtj'-five of the principal Act, and provided also
that the power to make rules under section thirty-nine of this Act shall be exercised
by the Court of Session by act of sederunt. Section one hundred and forty-six of the
Public Health (Scotland) Act, 1897 (prescribing the procedure if a local authority
neglect its duty), shall have effect as ii the duties imposed \ipon a local authoiity by
sections seventeeii and eighteen of this Act were duties imposed by that Act :

(15) In the application to Scotland of section foiu'teen of this Act the limit of rent
shall be sixteen poiinds.

(16) References to special expenses shall not applj' :

(17) " Overseers " means parish council, "paid into court " means " paid into bank,"
" as a civil debt in manner pro^aded by the Summary Jurisdiction Acts " means in a
simrmaiy manner.

Part II.

Town Planning.

P'reparaiion and Approval of Toivn Planning Scheme.

54 — (1) A town planning scheme may be made in accordance with the provisions
of this Part of this Act as respects any land which is in course of development or
appears likely to be iised for building purposes, with the general object of secuiing
proper sanitary conditions, amenity, and convenience in connexion with the lajdng out
and use of the land, and of any neighbouring lands.

(•2) The Local Government Board may axithorise a local authority -within the
meaning of this Part of this Act to prepare such a town planning scheme with reference
to any land wdthin or in the neighbourhood of their area if the authority satisfj^ the
Board that there is a prima facie case for making such a scheme or may authorise a
local authority to adopt, with or without any modifications, any such scheme proposed
by all or any of the owners of any land with respect to which the local authority might
themselves have been authorised to prepare a scheme.

(3) Where it is made to appear to the Local Government Board that a piece of
land akeady built npon, or a piece of land not likely to be nsed for building purposes,
is so situated with, respect to any land likely to be used for Imildiug purposes that it
ought to be included in anj"^ towTi planning scheme made with respect to the last-
mentioned land, the Board maj^ authorise the preparation or adoption of a scheme
including such piece of land as aforesaid, and providing for the demolition or alteration
of any buildings thereon so far as may be necessary for carrying the scheme into
effect.

(4) A town planning scheme prepared or adopted by a local authority shall not
have effect unless it is approved by order of the Local Government Board, and the
Board may refuse to approve any scheme except with such modifications and subject
to such conditions as they think fit to impose. Provided that before a town planning
scheme is approved by the Local Government Board, notice of their intention to do so
shall be published in the London or Edinburgh " Gazette." as the case may be. and if
within twenty-one days from the date of such publication any person or authority
interested objects in the prescribed manner the draft of the order shall be laid before
each House of Parliament for a penod of not less than thirty days during the Session
of Parliament, and if either of those Houses before the expiration of those tliii-ty days
presents an Address to His Majesty against the di-aft, or any part thereof, no further
proceedings shall be taken thereon, without prejudice to the making of any new draft
scheme.

HOUSING AND TOWN PLANNING ACT. 21

(5) A town pliuuiing' scheme, wlion approved by the Local Government Board,
shall have effect as if it were enacted in this Act.

(6) A town planning scheme may he varied or revoked 1 'y a suhsequeut scheme
prepared or adopted and approved in accordance with this Part of this Act, and the
Local Government Board on the application of the responsilile authoritj', or of any
other person appearing to them to be interested, may hy order revoke a town planning
scheme if they think that nnder the special cii-cumstances of the case the scheme
should be so revoked.

(7) The expression " land likely to be used for building purposes " shall include any
land likelj' to be used as. or for the purpose of providing open spaces, roads, streets,
parks, pleasui'e or reci'eation grounds, or for the purpose of executing anj' work upon
or under the land incidental to a town ])lanning scheme, whether in the natiu'e of a
Ijuilding work or not. and the decision of the Local Government Board, whether land is
likely to he used for building purposes or not, shall be final.

Contents of Town I'lanning Schemes.

55 — (1) The Local Government Board may prescribe a set of general provisions
(or separate sets of general provisions adapted for areas of any special character) for
earrjdng out the general objects of town planning schemes, and in particular for
dealing with the matters set oiit in the Fourth Schedule to this Act and the general
provisions, or set of general provisions appropriate to the area for which a town plan-
ning scheme is made, .shall take effect as part of every scheme, except so far as pro-
vision is made by the scheme as approved by the Board for the variation or exclusion
of any of those pro^-isions.

(2) Special provisions shall in addition be inserted in everj' town planning scheme
defining in such manner as may lie ]5rescribed by regulations under this Part of tliis
Act the ai'ea to which the scheme is to apply and the authority who are to be responsible
for enforcing the observance of the scheme and for the execution of any Avorks which
under the scheme or this Part of this Act are to be executed by a local authorit}' (in
this Part of this Act refeiTcd to as the responsible authority), and providing for any
matters which maj^ he dealt with bj^ general provisions and otherwise supplementing,
excltiding, or varying the general provisions, and also for dealing with any special
circumstances or contingencies for which adequate provision is not made by the general
provisions, and for suspending, so far as necessarj' for the proper carrying out of the
scheme, anj^ statutory enactments, bj-elaws. regulations, or other provisions, under
whatever authority made, which are in operation in the area included in the scheme :

Provided that where the scheme contains provisions suspen(.ling any enactment
contained in a public general Act the scheme shall not come into force unless a draft
thereof has been laid before each House of Parliament for a period of not less than
forty days during the session of Parliament, and if either of those Houses before the
expiration of those forty da5-s presents an Addi-ess to His Majesty against the proposed
suspension no further proceedings shall be taken on the draft, without prejudice to the
making of anj- new scheme.

(3) "Where land included in a town planning scheme is in the area of more than
one local authority, or is in the area of a local authority by whom the scheme was not
prepared, the responsible autliority may be one of those local authorities, or for certain
purposes of the scheme one local airthority and for certain piu'poses another local
authority, or a joint body constituted specially for the piu-]jose by the scheme, and all
necessary provisions may be made by the scheme for constituting the joint bodj- and
giving them the necessarj' j^owers and duties.

Pro\ided that, except with the consent of the London County Council, no other
local authority shall, as respects any land in the county of London, prepare or be
responsible for enforcing the observance of a to\\n ]ilanning scheme under this Part of
this Act, or for the execution of any works which under the scheme or this Part of this
Act are to be executed by a local authority.

Ffoccdnre Regulations of the Local Governtnent IJvnnl.

56 — (1) The Local Government Board may make regulations for regulating
generall}' the procedure to lie adopted with respect to applications for authority to
prepare or adopt a town planning scheme, the preparation of the scheme, obtaining
the approval of the Boai'd to a scheme so prepared or adopted, and any inriuiries,
reports, notices, or other matters required in connection witli tlie prejiaration or adoption
or the approval of the scheme or preliminary thereto, or in relatic»n to the carrying out
of the scheme or enforcing the observance of the provisions thereof.

22 INTERNATIONAL HOUSING CONliKKs.S.

(2) Provision shall 1)6 made by those regulations—

(a) for securing co-operation on the part of the local authority with the owners-

and other persons interested in the land proposed to be included in the

scheme at every stage of the proceedings, by means of conferences and such.

other means as" may be pro\^ded Ijy the regulations ;
(?)) for securing that notice of the proposal to prepare or adopt the scheme

should be given at the earliest stage possiljle to j^ny council interested in the

(c) for dealing with the other matters mentioned in the Fifth Schedule to this
Act.

Poiver to Enforce iSclieme.

57— (1) The responsible authority may at any time, after giving such notice as.
may be provided by a town planning scheme and in accordance Avith the proAnsions of
the scheme — ■

(rt) remove, pull down or alter any building or other work in the_ area included
in the scheme which is such as to contravene the scheme, or in the erection
or carrying out of which any pro\Tision of the scheme has not been complied
with; or
(h) execute any work which it is the duty of any person to execute under the
scheme in any case where it appears to the authorit.y that delay in the-
execution of the work would prejudice the efficient operation of the scheme.

(2) Any expenses incurred by a responsible authority under this section may be-
recovered from the persons in default in such manner and subject to such conditions
as may be provided by the scheme.

(3) If any question arises whether any building or work contravenes a to^vn
planning scheme, or whether any provision of a town planning scheme is not complied
with in the erection or carr>ing "out of any such buikling or work, that question shall
be refeiTed to the Local Government Board, and shall, unless the parties otherwise
agi-ee, be determined by the Board as arlutrators, and the decision of the Board shall
be final and conclusive and binding on all persons.

Compensation in Respect of Propertij Injurionshj Affected hy Scheme, &c.
58_(1) Any person whose property is injuriously affected Ijy the making of a
town plamiing scheme shall, if he makes a claim for the purpose within the time (if
any) limited by the scheme, not being less than three months after the date when
notice of the approval of the scheme is published in the manner prescribed by regula-
tions made by the Local Government Board, be entitled to ol>tain compensation in
respect thereof from the responsible aiithority.

(2) A person shall not be entitled to obtain compensation under tliis section on
account of any building erected on or contract made, or other thing done Avith respect
to land included in a scheme, after the time at which the application for authority to
prepare the scheme Avas made, or after such other time as the Local Government Board

may fix for the purpose = . . , „ ^ , , i i i * +i.

Provided that this provision shall not apply as respects any work done before the
date of the approval of the scheme for the purpose of finishing a Iniilding begun or of
carrying out a contract entered into before the application was made.

(3) Where, by the making of any tovni planning scheme, any property is increased
in value, the responsible authority, if they make a claim for the purpose within the
time (if' any) limited by the scheme (not being less than three months after the date
when notice of the approval of the scheme is first published in the niamier prescribed
by regulations made by the Local Government Board) shall lie entitled to recover from
aiiy person whose property is so increased in value one-half of the amount of that

increase. , , , • • • • i r* . n • i •

(4) Any question as to whether any property is mjuriously affected or increased in
value Avithin the meaning of this section, and as to the amount and manner of
pavment (whether Ijy instalments or otherwise) of the sum which is to be paid as
compensation under this section or which the responsible authority are entitled to
recover from a person whose property is increased in value, shall be determined by the
arbitration of a single arljitrator appointed by the Local Government Board, unless the
pai-ties agree on some other method of determination.

(5) Any amount due under this section as compensation to a person aggrieved from
a responsible authority, or to a responsible authority from a person whose property is-
increased in value, may be recovered summarily as a ciA-il debt.

HOUSING AND TOWX PLANNING ACT, 23

(6) Where a town planning- scheme is revoked b)' an Order of the Local Govern-
ment Board under this Act, any person who has incurred expenditure for the purpose
of complying- with the scheme shall be entitled to compensation m accordance mth
this section in so far as any such expenditvire is rendered abortive by reason of the
revocation of the scheme.

Exclusion or Lhnitaiion of Compensation in Certain Cases.

59 — (1) Where property is alleged to be injuriously affected by reason of any
provisions contained in a town planning- scheme, no compensation shall be paid in
respect thereof if or so far as the provisions are such as would have Ijeen enforceable if
they had been contained in byelaws made by the local authority.

(-2) Property shall not be deemed to be injuriously affected by reason of the making
of any provisions inserted in a to^vn planning scheme, which, -wdth a view to securing'
the amenity of the area included in the scheme or any part thereof, prescribe the space
about buildings or limit the numlter of buildings to be erected, or prescribe the height
or character of buildings, and which the Local Government Board, having regard to
the nature and situation of the land affected by the provisions, consider reasonable for
the purpose.

(3) Where a person is entitled to compensation under this Part of this Act in
respect of any matter or thing, and he would be entitled to compensation in respect of
the same matter or thing under anj^ other enactment, he shall not be entitled to com-
pensation in respect of that matter or thing both under tliis Act and under that other
enactment, and shall not be entitled to any greater compensation under this Act than
he would be entitled to under the other enactment.

Acquisition hy Local Authorities of Land Comprised in a Scheme.

60— (1) The responsible authority may, for the purpose of a town planning scheme,
purchase any land comprised in such scheme by agreement, or be authorised to
purchase any such land compulsorily in the same manner and subject to the same
provisions (including any provision authorising the Local Government Board to give
directions as to the payment and application of any pui'chase money or compensation)
as a local authority may purchase or be authorised to purchase land situate in an
urban district for the purposes of Part III. of the Housing of the AVorking Classes
Act. 1890, as amended by sections two and fortj-'five of this Act.

(2) Where land included \\dthin the area of a local authority is comprised in a town
planning scheme, and the local authority are not the responsible authority, the local
authority may piu-chase or Vje aiithorised to purchase that land in the same manner as
the responsible authoritj-.

Powers of Local Government Board in Case of Defaidt of Local Authority to Make
or Execute Toion Planning Scheme.

61 — If the Local Government Board are satisfied on any representation, after
holding a piiblic local inquii->% that a local authority —

{a) have failed to take the requisite steps for having a satisfactory town
planning scheme prepared and approved in a case whei-e a town planning
scheme ought to be made ; or

(b) have failed to adopt any scheme proposed by o-^aiers of any land in a case
where the scheme ought to be adopted ; or

(c) have imreasonably refused to consent to any modifications or conditions
imposed by the Board ;

the Board may, as the case requires, order the local authority to prepare and submit
for the approval of the Board such a town planning scheme, or to adopt the scheme,
or to consent to the modifications or conditions so insei-ted :

Provided that where the representation is that a local authority have failed to
adopt a scheme, the Local Government Board, in lieu of making such an order as
aforesaid, may approve the proposed scheme, subject to such modifications or
conditions, if any, as the Board think fit, and thereupon the scheme shall have effect
as if it hati been a-dopted by the local authority and approved Ijy the Board.

(•2) If the Local Government Board are satisfied on any representation, after
holding a local inquir\', that a responsible authority have failed to enforce effectively
the observance of a scheme which has been confirmed, or any provisions thereof, or to
execute any works which under the scheme or this Part of this Act the authority is
required to'execute. the Board may order that authority to do all things necessaiy for

24< IXTKRN'ATIOXAL HOUSIXa COXtJRRSS.

enforcing- the ob8ei'\'ance of the scheme or any pro\'Lsionfi thereof effectively, or for
executing- any ivories which under the scheme or this Part of this Act the authoiitj- is
required to execute.

(.'3) Anj' order under this section may he enforced by mandamus.

Determination of Matters hy Local Gorcrnincnt Board, ol and o2 Vict., c. 119.

62 — Where the Local Government Board are authorised l)y this Part of this Act or
any scheme made thereunder to determine any matter, it shall, except as otherwise-
expressly pro-vided l\y this Part of this Act, be at their option to determine the matter
as arbitrators or otherwise, and if they elect or are required to determine the matter
as arbitrators, the provisions of the Eeg-ulation of Kailwaj's Act, 1868, respecting-
arbitrations by the Board of Trade, and the enactments amending those provisions,
shall ai:)ply as if they were herein re-enacted and in terms made applicable to the Local
Government Board and the determination of the matters aforesaid.

Inquiries hy Local Government Board.

63— Section eig-hty-five of the Housing- of the Working- Classes Act,_1890 (which
relates to inquii-ies l>y the Local Government Board), as amended ]:)y this Act, shall
apply for any purposes of this Part of this Act as it applies for the purpose of the
execntion of the powers and duties of the Local Government Board under that Act.

Laying General Provisions Before Parliament. 56 and 57 Vict., c. 66.

64 — All general provisions made under this Part of this Act shall be laid as soon as-
may be before Parliament, and the Rules Publication Act, 1893, shall apply to such
provisions as if they were statutory rules vvdthin the meaning of section one of that Act.

Definition of Local Authority, and Expenses.

65 — (1) For the purposes of this Part of this Act the expression " local authority"
means the council of any borough or urban or rural district.

(•2) Any expenses incurred by a local authority imder this Part of this Act, or any
scheme made thereimder, shall be defrayed as expenses of the authority under the
Public Health Acts, and the authority may borrow, for the purposes of this Part of this
Act, or any scheme made thereunder, in the same manner and subject to the same
provisions as they may borrow for the purposes of the Public Health Acts.

(o) Money borrowed for the purposes of this Part of this Act, or any scheme made
thereunder, shall not be reckoned as part of the debt of a borough or urban district for
the purposes of the limitation on borrowing under subsections (2) and (3) of section twa
hundred and thirty-four of the Public Health Act, 1875.

Application to London.

66 — (1) This Part of this Act shall apply to the administrative countj^ of London,,
and, as respects that county, the London County Council shall he the local authority.

(2) Any expenses incurred by the London County Council shall he defrayed out of
the general countj- rate and any money may be borrowed by the Council in the same
manner as money may be borrowed for general county purposes.

Application of Part II. to Scotland.

67 — This Part of this Act shall apply to Scotland subject to the following
modifications : —

(1) The Local Government Board for Scotland (hereinafter referred to as the
Board) shall be substituted for the Local Govermnent Board, and shall for the piirposes
of this Part of this Act have the same powers of local inquiry as for the pui'poses of the
Housing Acts as defined in Part 1. of this Act.

(2) Subsection (1) and subsection (3) of the section of this Part of this Act which
relates to the definition of local authority and expenses shall not apply.

(3) The local authority and the area of such authority for the pm-poses of this Part
of tills Act shall respectively be the local authority for the purposes of the Housing
Acts as defined in Part I. of this Act, and the district of that authority.

(4) References to the Pulilic Health Acts shall be construed as references to the
Housing Acts as defined in Part I. of this Act.

(5) Any local rate for the purposes of this Part of this Act (including the pui-poses
of any loan) shall not be reckoned in any calculation as to the statutorj' limit of the
public health general assessment.

HOUSING AND TOWN TLAXXIXG ACT. 'l-)

(G) The Board shall not themselves make an order under section sixty-one of this
Act on any authority, but in lieu thereof it shall be lawful for the Board, after holding
a local inquiry at which the authority shall have had an oppoiiunity of being heard,
and with the approval of the Lord Advocate, to apply for such an order hy summary
petition to either Di'\dsion of the Court of Session, or during vacation or recess to the
Lord Ordinary on the Bills, which Division or Lord Ordinary are hereby authorised
and directed to do therein and to dispose of the expenses of the proceedings as to the
said Di-\asion or Lord Ordinary shall appear to be just.

(7) In any proceedings under this Part of this Act the Board shall have regard to
ihe powers and jurisdiction of the dean of guild court in burghs.

(8) The provision respecting the Eules Publication Act, 189o, shall have effect as if
section one of that Act applied to Scotland, with the substitution of the " Edinljurgh
■Gazette " for the " London Gazette."

Part III.
County Medical Officers, County Public Health, and Housing

Committee, &c.

Appointment, Duties, and Temire of Office of County Medical Officers.
ol and 52 Yict., c. 41.

68 — (1) Every county council shall appoint a medical officer of health under .section
■seventeen of the Local Governiaent Act. 1888.

(2) The duties of a medical officer of health of a county shall be such duties as may
be prescribed by general order of the Local Government Board, and such other duties
as may be assigned to him by the County Council.

(3) The power of county councils and district councils under the said section to
make arrangements with respect to medical officers of health shall cease, -^vithout
prejudice to any arrangement made previously to the date of the passing of this Act.

(4) The medical officer of health of a countj' shall, for the jnirposes of his duties,
liave the same powers of entry on premises as are conferred on a medical officer of
health of a district by or under any enactment.

(6) A medical officer of health of a county shall be removable by the count}- council
Avith the consent of the Local Government Board and not otherwise.

(6) A medical officer of health of a countj- shall not be appointed for a limited
period onlj^.

Provided that the county council may, with the sanction of the Local Government
Board, make any temporary arrangement for the performance of all or any of the
■duties of the medical officer of health of the county, and any person appointed by \irtue
of any such arrangement to perform those duties or any of them shall, suljject to the
terms of his appointment, have all the powers, duties, and liabilities of the medical
officer of health of the county.

(7) A medical officer of health appointed after the passing of this Act under the
■said section as amended by this section shall not engage in private practice, and shall
not hold any other public appointment without the express written consent of the Local
Government Board.

(8) An order under this section prescribing the duties of medical officers of health
of a county shall be communicated to the county council, and shall be laid liefore
Parliament as soon as may be after it is made, and if an address is presented to His
Majestj' by either House of Parliament -within the Jiext subsequent twenty-one days
on which that Hoiise has sat next after the order is laid before it praying that the order
may be annulled, His Majesty in Coruicil may annul the Order, and it shall thence-
forward be void, Init without prejudice to the validity of anything previouslj- done
thereunder,

Duty of Cleric and Medical Officer of Health of District Council to Furnish

Information to Medical Officer of Health of County Council.
(>0 (1) The clerk of a rural district council shall forward to the medical officer of
health of the county a copy of any representation, complaint, or information, a copy of
which it is the duty of the district council to forward to the county couucil under
section forty-live of the Housing of the Working Classes Act, 189U (which relates to
the powers of county councils).

(2) The medical officer of health of a district shall give t<i the medical officer of
health of the county any information which it is in his power to give, and wliich the

26 INTERNATIONAL llOU.StXG COXGKK.SS.

medical officer of" health of the county may reasonaljly vequin- from him for the
pui'pose of" his duties prescribed hy the Local Government Board.

(3) If any dispute or difference shall arise between the clerk or the medical
officer of liealth of a district council and the medical officer of health of a county
council under this section the same shall be referred to the Local Government Board,
whose decision shall be final and binding-.

(4) If the clerk or medical officer of health of a district council fails to comply with
the provisions of this section, he shall, on information being' laid l>y the county council,
but not otherwise, be liable on summary conviction in respect of each offence to a fine
not exceeding- ten pounds.

E.dent of Part III.

70 The foreg-oing- provisions of this Part of this Act shall not apply to Scotland or,
except sub-section (4) of section sixty-eight, to the administrative County of London,
and in the application of the said sub-section to London, the reference to a medical
officer of health of a district shall be construed as a i*eferenue to the medical officer of
health of a metropolitan borough.

Public Health and Housing Committee of (Jaunty Councils.

71 (1) Every county council shall establish a public health and housing- committee,
and all matters relating to the exercise and performance b.y the council of their powers
and duties as respects piiblic health and the housing of the working- classes (except the
power of raising- a rate or borrowang- nioney) shall stand referred to the public health
and housing committee, and the council, before exercising any such powers, shall,
unless in their opinion the matter is urgent, receive and consider the report of the
public health and housing committee with respect to the matter in qiiestion, and the
council may also delegate to the public health and housing committee, with or
■without restrictions or conditions as they think fit, any of their powers as respects
public health and the housing of the working classes, except the power of raising a
rate or borrowing money and except any power of resolving that the powers of a
district council in defaiilt should be transferred to the council.

(2) This section shall not apply to Scotland or the London Coiinty Council.

Formation and Extension of Building Societies.

72 (1) The county council may promote the formation or extension of and may,
subject to the provisions of this section, assist societies on a co-operative basis, having
for their object or one of their objects the erection or improvement of dwellings for the
working classes.

(2) The county council, with the consent of and subject to the regulations made by
the Local Government Board, may for the purpose of assisting a society make grants or
advances to the society, or guarantee advances made to the society, upon such terms and
conditions as to rate of interest and repayment, or otherwise, and on such security as
the council think fit. and the making of such grants or advances shall be a purpose for
which a council may liorrow :

Provided that the regulations of the Board shall provide that any such advance
made on the security of any property shall not exceed two-thirds of the value of that
property.

Part IT.

Supplemental.

Provisions as to Covimons and Open S2>accs.

73. — (1) Where any scheme or order under the Housing Acts or Part II. of this Act
authorises the acquisition or appropriation to anj^ other purpose of any land forming
part of any common, open space or allotment, the scheme or order, so far as it relates
to the acquisition or appropriation of such land, shall be provisional only, and shall not
have effect unless and until it is confirmed by Parliament, except w-here the scheme or
order provides for giving in exchange for such land other land, not being less in area,
certified by the Local Government Board after consultation with the Board of Agri-
culture and Fisheries to be equally advantageous to the persons, if any, entitled to
commonable or other rights and to the public.

(2) Before giving any such certificate the Board shall give public notice of the
proposed exchange, and shall afford opportunities to all persons interested to make
representations and objections in relation thereto, and shall, if necessar}^, hold a local
inquiry on the subject.

HOUSING AND TOWN PLANNING ACT. 'li

(3) Where any such scheme or order authorises such an exchange the scheme or
oi'der shall provide for vesting the land given in exchange in the persons in whom the
common or open space was vested, subject to the same rights, tnists, and incidents as
attached to the common or open space, and for discharging the part of the common,
open space, or allotment acqiiired or appropriated from all rights, tiaists, and incidents
to which it was previously subject.

(4) For the piu'poses of this Act the expression " common " shall include any land
subject to be enclosed under the Inclosure Acts, 1845 to 1882, and any town or village
gi'een; the expression "open sjaace " means any land laid out as a public garden or used
for the purposes of iDublic recreation, and any disused burial ground ; and the expression
"allotment" means any allotment set out as a fuel allotment or a Held garden allotment
under an Inclosure Act.

Profisions as to Land in Xekjhhourliood of Royal Palaces or Parks.

74 — (1) AVhere any land proposed to be included in any scheme or order to be made
under the Housing Acts or Part II. of this Act, or any land proposed to be acquii-ed
under the Housing Acts or Part II. of tliis Act, is situate ^\'ithin the prescribed distance
from any of the royal palaces or parks the local authority shall, before preparing the
scheme or order or acquiring the land, C(jmmunicate \rith the Commissioners of Works,
and the Local Government Board shall, before confirming the -scheme or order or
authoi-ising the acquisition of the land or the raising of any loan for the pur^jose, take
into consideration any recommendations they may have received from the Commis-
sioners of Works, \\-ith reference to the proposal.

(2) For the purposes of this section " prescribed " means prescrilietl hy regulations
made by the Local Government Board after consultation with the Commissioners of
Works.

Re2^enl,

75 — The enactments mentioned in the Sixth Schedule to this Act are hereby repealed
to the extent specified in the tliird column of that schedule.

Short Title and Eideni.

76 — (1) This Act may be cited as the Housing, Town Planning, &c. Act, 1909, and
Pai-t I. of this Act shall be construed as one with the Housing of the Working Classes
Acts. 1890 to 190o. and that Part of this Act and those Acts may be cited together as
the Housing of the Working Classes Acts, 1890 to 1909.

(2) This Act shall not extend to Ireland.

SCHEDULES.

First Schedule.

Provisions as to the Govipalsory Acquisition of Land hy a Local Authority fur the
Purposes of Part TIL. of the Housing of the Working Classes Act, 1890.

(1) Where a local aiithority propose to pxirchase land compulsorily under this Act
the local authority may sulnnit to the Board an order putting in force as respects the
land specified in the order the provisions of the Lands Clauses Acts with respect to the
purchase and taking of land otherwise than by agreement.

(2) An order under this schedule sliall l)e of no foi'ce unless and until it is confirmed
by the Board, and the Board may confirm the order either witliout modification oi
subject to such modifications as they think Ht. and an order when so confirmed sliall,
save as otherwise expressly provided by this schedule, liecome final and have efi'ect as,
if enacted in this Act; and the confirmation by the Board shall be conclusive evidence
that the requirements of this Act have been complied with, and that the order has been
dixly made and is within the ]iowers of this Act.

(3) In determining the amount of any disputed compensation under anj' such
•order, no additional allowance shall b;,' made on account of the purchase being
compulsory.

8 and 9 Virt., c. 18 and c. 20.

(4) The order shall be in tlie prescribed form, and shall contain such jirovisions as
the Board may prescrilje for the purpose of carrying the order into effect, and of
protecting the local authority and the persons interested in the land, and shall
incorporate, subject to the necessary adaptations, the Lands Clauses Acts (except
section one hiiudred and twenty-seven of tiie Lands Clauses Consolidation Act, 184o)
and sections seventy-'-f^v.n +m .'ighty-five of the llailways Clauses Consolidation Act,

•28 IXIKRXATIOXAI, HOUSINi; COXGHKS!-:.

1845, but subject to this modificatiou, that any qiiostion of disputed compensation shall
be determined by a single arbitrator appointed by the Board, who shall be deemed to
be an arbitrator within the meaning of the Lands Clauses Acts, and the provisions of
those Acts with respect to arbitration shall, suljject to the provisions of tnis schedule,
apply accordingly.

(o) The order shall be published by the local authority in the prescribed manner,
and such notice shall be given both in the locality in which the land is proposed to be
acquired and to the owners, lessees, and occupiers of that land as may be prescribed.

(6) If within the prescribed period no objection to the order has been presented to
the Board by a person interested in the land, or if eveiy such objection has been with-
dra-\\ni, the Board shall, AA-ithout further inquiry, confirm the order, but. if such an
objection has been presented and has not been withdra^-n, the Board shall forthwith
cause a public inquiry to be held in the locality in which the land is proposed to be
acquired, and the local authority and all persons interested in the land and such other
persons as the person holding the inquir}^ in his discretion thinks tit to allow shall he
pennitted to appear and be heard at the inquiry.

(7) Where the land proposed to be accxuired under the order consists of or comprises
land situate in London, or a borough, or iirban district, the Board shall appoint an
impartial person, not in the emplo^-ment of anj' Government Department; to hold the
inquiry as to whether the land proposed to be acquired is suitable for the purposes for
which it is sought to be acciuired, and whether, having regard to the extent or situation
of the land and the purposes for which it is used, the land can be acquii-ed without
undue detriment to the persons interested therein or the owners of adjoining laud, and
such person shall in England have for the purpose of the inquiry all the powers of an
inspector of the Local Government Board, and if he reports that the land, or any part
thereof, is not suital>le for the piu-poses for which it is sought to be acquired, or that
owing to its extent or situation or the purpose for which it is used it cannot be acquii'ed
A\dthout such detriment as aforesaid, or that it ought not lie acquired except subject to the
conditions specified in his report, then if the Local Government Board confii-m the order
in respect of that land, or part thereof, or, as the case maj- require, confirm it otherwise
than suljject to such modifications as are required to give effect to the specified
conditions, the order shall l)e provisional only, and shall not have effect unless
confirmed by Parliament. "Where no part of the land is so situated as aforesaid before
confirming the order, the Board shaU consider the report of the person who held the
inquiry, and all objections made thereat.

(8) The ai-bitrator shall, so far as practicable, in assessing compensation, act on his
ovni knowledge and experience, but, subject as aforesaid, at any inquiry or arbitration
held under this schedule the i^erson holding the incjuiiy or arbitration shall hear by
themselves or their agents, any authorities or parties authorised to appear, and shall
hear Aritnesses, but shall not, except in such cases as the Board otherwise direct, hear
counsel or expert witnesses.

(9) The Board may, M-ith the concurrence of the Lord Chancellor, make rules fixing
a scale of costs to be applicable on an arbitration under this schedule, and an arbitrator
under this schedirle may, not^vith standing an^^thing in the Lands Clauses Acts,
determine the amount of costs, and shall have power to disallow as costs in the
arbitration the costs of any witness whom he considers to have been called
unnecessarily and anj^ other costs which he considers to have been caused or incurred
unnecessarily.

(10) The remuneration of an arbitrator appointed under tliis schedule shall be fixed
by the Boai-d.

(11) In construing for the purposes of this schedule or anj- order made thereunder,
any enactment incoi-porated with the order, this Act, together with the order, shall be
deemed to be the special Act, and the local authority shall be deemed to be the
promoters of the undertaking.

(12) A^Hiere the land is glebe land or other land lielonging to an ecclesiastical
benefice, the order shall provide that sums agreed upon or awarded for the purchase of
the land, or .to be paid by Avay of compensation for the damage to be sustained bj' the
owner 1 ly reason of severance or other injiuy affecting the land, shall not be paid as
directed by the Lands Clauses Acts, but shall he paid to the Ecclesiastical Commis-
sioners to l)e applied l>y them as money paid to them upon a sale, under the proATisions
of the Ecclesiastical Leasing Acts, of land belonging to a benefice.

(13) In this schedule the expression "Board" means the Local Government Board,
and the expre^^irju " prescribed " means prescribed'bj' the Board.

HOUSIXG AND TOWN PLAXXIXG ACT.

29

(1^) The provisions of this schedule, except those relating to laud belonging- to an
ecclesiastical benefice, shall apply to Scotland, siibject to the following modifications: —

(a) for the reference to section one Inuitb-ed and twenty-seven of the Lands
Claiises Consolidation Act, 1845, there shall be sul:)stituted a reference to
section one hundred and twenty of the Lands Clauses Consolidation (Scot-
land) Act, 1845, anil for the reference to sections seventy-seven to eight5'-five
of the Eailways Clauses Consolidation Act, 1845, there shall be substituted
a reference to sections seventy to seventj'-eight of the Eailways Clauses
Consolidation (Scotiand) Act, 1845 ;

(b) for references to an arbitrator there shall be substituted references to an

arbiter ;
(e) for the references to the Lord Chancellor there shall be substituted a

reference to the Lord Advocate ;
(d) for the reference to the Local Government Board there shall be substituted
a reference to the Local Grovernment Board for Scotland, and for the
reference to a borough or urban district there shall be substituted a reference
to a bm-gh.

SECOND SCHEDULE.
Minor Amendments of Housing Acts.

Enactment to be Amended.

Nature of Amendment.

Housing of the AVor
Act, 1890 (53 & 54
Section 23

Section 34

Section 35

Section 38 (1) (a)
Section 38 (7)

Section 39 (8)

king Classes
Vict., c. 70).

Section 40

Section 85
Section 88
Section 89

After the word "displaced" the words "in couseciueuce of" shall be
substituted for the word " by."

The words "the order becomes operative" shall be substituted for the
words "service of the order."

The words " if he is not entitled to appeal to the Local Govern-
ment Board against the order " shall be inserted after the word
"may" wliere it first occurs.

The words " or impedes " shall be inserted after the word " stops."

The words "house or other building or manufactory" shall be sub-
stituted for the words " house or manufactory " wherever they occur
in that sub-section.

The words "as amended by auj^ subsequent Act" shall be inserted
after the word "Act" where it first occurs, and the words "to the
power of the Local Government Hoard to enforce that duty " shall
be inserted after the word " execution."

After the word " displaced " the words " in consequence of" shall be
substituted for the word "by."

The words "powers and" shall be inserted before the word "duties."

The words "or Part III." shall be inserted after the words "Part IL"

After the word "Act" wheie it first occurs the words "or any person
authorised to enter dwelling-houses, premises, or buildings in pur-
suance of this Act," shall be inserted: the words "authority or
person" shall be substituted for the words "or aiithoritj-." and
the word "' he " shall be substituted for the words " such person."

THIRD SCHEDULE.
Modifications of the Schedule to tiw Housing of the Working
Classes Act, 1903, in its Application to Scotland.
In the above-mentioned schedule as applying to Scotlaml, the expression " district
within the meaning of the Public Health (Scotland) Act, 1897," shall be substituted
f(n- the expressions "borough," " urban district," and "parish" respectively; "Local
Government Board for Scotland" shall be substituted for "Local Government
Board"; "every such ajipropriation of lands shall be recorded as a real burden
affecting such lands in the appropriate register of sasines " shall be substituted
for '■ every convej'ance, demise, or lease of any such lands shall be endorsed with
notice of this provision"; " sub- sections one and three (with the su])stitution of
the Local Government Board for Scotland for the Secretary for Scotland) of section
ninety -three of the Local Government (Scotland) Act, 1889 " shall be substituted for
" sub-sections one and five of section eighty-seven of the Local Government Act, 1888 "
" Court of Session " .shall be substituted for "High Court"; "order of the Court of
Session on the application of the Board " shall be substituted for " mandamus " ; and
" local authority for the purposes of the Public Health (Scotland) Act, 1897, in whose
district" shall be substituted for "council of any administrative county and the
district cnunoil of any county district; or in London the council of any metropolitan
borough in which."

30 IXTERNATIOXAL HOUSING CONGRESS.

FOURTH SCHEDULE.

Matters to be Dealt with by General Provisions Prescribed by the
Local Government Board.

(1) Streets, roads, and other ways, and stopping np, or diversion of existing liighways,

(2) Buildings, structures, and erections.

(3) Open spaces, private and piiblic.

(4) The preservation of objects of historical interest or natural l^eauty.

(5) Sewerage, drainage, and sewage disposal.

(6) Lighting.

(7) Water supply.

(8) Ancillaiy or conseciuential works.

(9) Extinction or variation of private rights of way and other easements.

(10) Dealing with or disposal of land acquired by the responsible authority or by a
local authority.

(11) Power of entiy and inspection.

(12) Power of the responsiljle authority to remove, alter, or demolish an}- obstructive
work.

(13) Power of the responsible authority to make agreements with owners, and of
owners to make agreements with one another.

51 and 62 Vict, c. 42.

(14) Power of the responsiljle authority or a local authority to accept any money or
property for the fiirtherance of the object of any town planning scheme, and provision
for regiilating the administration of any such money or propert}^ and for the exemption
of any assurance with respect to money or property so accepted fi-om enrolment under
the Mortmain and Charitable Uses Act, 1888.

(15) Application' with the necessary modifications and adaptations of statiitoiy
enactments.

(16) Carrying oiit and supplementing the provisions of this Act for enforcing
schemes.

(17) Limitation of time for operation of scheme.

(18) Co-operation of the responsible authoritj^ with the owners of land included in
the scheme or other persons interested by means of conferences, &c.

(19) Charging on the inheritance of any land the value of which is inci'eased by the
operation of a town-planning scheme the sum required to be paid in respect of that
increase, and for that purpose applying, with the necessary adaptations, the pro^dsions
of any enactments dealing with charges for improvements of land.

FIFTH SCHEDULE.

(1) Procedure anterior to and for the purpose of an application for authority to
prepare or adopt a scheme : —

(a) Submission of plans and estimates.

(b) Publication of notices.

(2) Procedure during, on, and after the preparation or adoption and before the
approval of the scheme : —

(«) Submission to the Local Government Boai'd of the proposed scheme, with

plans and estimates.
(h) Notice of submission of proposed scheme to the Local Government Board.

(c) Hearing of objections and representations by persons affected, including
persons representing architectural or archa?ological societies or otherwise
interested in the amenity of the proposed scheme.

(d) Publication of notice of intention to approve scheme and the lodging of
objections thereto.

(3) Procedurefafter the appi-oval of the scheme : —

(a) Notice to be given of approval of scheme.

(b) Inquiries and reports as to the beginning and the progress and completion of
works, and other action under the scheme.

(4) Diity, at any stage, of the local authority to publish or deposit for inspection
any scheme or proposed scheme, and the plans relating thereto, and to give infoi-mation
to persons affected with reference to any such scheme or proposed scheme.

(5) The details to be specified in plans, including, wherever the cii'cumstances so
require, the restrictions on the numlier of buildings which may be erected on each acre,
and the height and character of those buildings.

HOUSING AND TOWN PLANNING ACT.

SIXTH SCHEDULE.

Enactments Repealed.

Session and
Chaptej-.

Short Title.

Extent of Repeal.

51 & 52 Vict.,
C. 41.

53 & 54 Vict.,
C. 70.

The Local Governmeut Act, 1888.

The Housing of the Working Classes
Act, 1890.

59 & 60 Vict,
c. 31.

63 & 64 Vict.,
C.59.

3 Edw. VII.,
C. 59.

The Housing of the M'orking Classes
Act, 1890, Amendment (Scotland)
Act, 1896.

The Housing of the Working Classes
Act, 1900.

The Housing of the Working Classes
Act, 1903.

Section seventeen, from " who shall not hold" to
end of the section.

The words " for sanitary purposes " in paragraph
(ft) of subsection (1) of section six.

Subsection (6) of section eight and section nine.

Subsection (5) of section twelve.

Subsection 12) of section fifteen, including the
proviso thereto.

Sections seventeen, eighteen, and nineteen.

In section twenty-five, the words at the end of
the section " such loan shall be repaid within
such period, not exceeding fifty years, as
may be recommended by the confirming
authoritj-."

Sections twenty-seven and twenty-eight.

In section twenty-nine, the words "means any
inhabited building and " in the definition
of " dwelling-house."

Sections thirty-two and thirty-three.

In section thirty-nine, the words " byagreement "
in subsection (4) where those words fi^rst occur,
and all after the word "sanctioned" to the
end of that subsection; subsections (5) and
(6) ; the words " to costs to be awarded in
certain cases by a committee of either
House of Parliament " in subsection (8) ;
and subsection (9; from "Provided that "to
the end.

In subsection (3) of section forty-seven, the
words "the time allowed under any order for
the execution of auy works or the demolition
of a building, or."

In section fifty-three subsection (2).

Section fifty-four, so far as unrepealed.

Section fifty-five, so far as it applies to Scotland.

Section sixty-three.

Section sixty-five, from "and (iii.) " to the end
of the section.

In section sixty-six, the words "or special."

Section seventy-seven.

Section eighty three.

In section eighty-five, the words "not exceeding
three guineas a day."

Section ninety-two, from " but in " to the end of
the section.

Subsection (3) except paragraph (c), and sub-
section (4) of section ninety-four.

Subsections (1), (2), (7), (8), and (14) of section
ninety-six.

In sub-section (3) of section ninety-seven the
words "tlie time allowed under an5' order for
the execution of any works or the demoli-
tion of a building or."

The First Schedule, so far as it applies to
Scotland.

The Third, Fourth, and Fifth Schedules.

Section three.

Sections two, six, and seven.

In section eight the woids " Scotland or."

Paragraphs (a) and (b) of subsection (2) of
section five, sections six and eight, in section
ten the words "in the manner provided by
subsection three of section thirty-two of the
principal Act." and section sixteen.

.In section seventeen the words " Scxjtlaud or."

32 INTERNATIONAL HOU.SINti CONGRESS.

PROCEDURE UNDER THE HOUSING ACTS.

In the following' lines, \inless otherwise stated, the numbers ot' the sections refer to
the principal Act of 18^0. Where any section refers to another Act, the words " Act of
1900," "Act of 1903," "Act of 1909," etc., are used as an abbreviation of the full title of
the amended Acts passed in those years.

PART I.— KOW TO GET LARGE SLUIVI DISTRICTS-CONDEMNED.

Part I. provides for the clearing of larg-e unhealthy areas (in urban distncts only)
(Sec. 3), and the execution of an improvement scheme for the district dealt with.

The authorities empowered to take action under it are the London County Council
and all urban district councils or town councils (Schedule I.)

It is the ditty of the medical officer of health when he sees proper cause, or when two
or more justices or twelve or more ratepayers in his district complain of any unhealthy
area therein, to inspect such area, and make an official report on it in writuig to the
local authority (Sees. 5 and 79).

If the medical officer of health represents the area as not unhealthj', twelve or more
ratepayers may appeal to the Local Government Board, who, upon security for costs
being given, must appoint a legally qualified medical practitioner to report on such
area, and the local authority must act on this report (Sees. 8 and 16).

Improvement Scheme. — AVliere an area is thus officially represented to l;)e unhealthy
the local authority, if possessed of sufficient resoiu-ces, must make an improvement
scheme. The improvement scheme must be accompanied liy maps, particulars, and
estimates. It need not be confined to the exact limits of the unhealthj' area, but may
include lands which the local authority considers necessary to the efficiency of
the scheme, or for the purpose of providing accommodation for displaced members
of the working classes (Sees. 6 and 11). In default of the local authority making a
scheme it may be made by the Local Government Board and enforced by vwnrhi.mtis.

It must lie advertised, and the Local Government Board or other confirming
authority must hold a local inquiry, and may then make a Provisional Order confirmuig
the scheme (Sees. 7 and 8).

The local authority may pull down the buildings, clear out the area, and
make or widen any necessary streets upon the lands dealt with, after compensating
the owners and others concerned (Sec. 12).

Terms of Compensation. — Provision is made for the assessment of compensation by
the Purchase Clause in Sec. 21, which enacts : —

1. That compensatiou shall be based upon the fair market value at the time of valuation without

any aflrtitioual allowance in respect of compulsory purchase :

2. In forming tlie estimate, due regard is to be had to the nature and condition of the property, and

the probable duration of the buildings in their existing state ;

3. Deductions are also to be made for existing nuisances—

(iT) For an enhanced value by being used for illegal purposes or owing to overcrowding:

(?>) lor the bad state of repair in which the premises are found :

(c) The property not being reasonably capable of being made fit for habitation.

The arbitrator may be appointed by the Local Government Board, if so requested
by the local authority.

The expenses and income of a scheme under tliis part of the Act must be earned
to a " dwelling house improvement fund," and the necessary loans may be raised in
the ordinary manner (Sees. 21 and 25). • •

The Act of 1909 in Sections 22 to 27 modifies tliis part of the principal Act, as
regards official representations ; contents of schemes ; loans from the Public Works Loan
Commissioners ; modification abandonment of or addition to a scheme ; the tendering
of e\ddence to secure reduced compensation ; the extinction or modification of rights
and easements ; the application of money borrowed for the Dwelling House Improvement
Fund; and by repealing Sections 9. 17, 18, 19,27, and 28 varies the procedure as to local
inquiries, and the service and ]iublication of notices and advertisements.

Re-housing Persons Displaced. — Accommodation must be provided as follows : —
(o) In London, either for the whole or not less than half of the population
displaced, to the satisfaction of the Home Secretary, unless it can be shown
that within the immediate vicinity the requii-ed accommodation has been or
is to be otherwise provided ;
(b) In any other urban district such accommodation (if any) as determined by
the Local Government Board.
It will, of course, lie noted that the whole cpiestion of re-housing under other Acts is
regulated by the schedule to the Housing of the Working Classes Act, 1903, which
contemplates the provision of new dwellings, in some cases before demolishing the old

HOUSING OF THE WORKIXG CLASSES. -"J

ones, and requires all houses provided under the Act to be used for working-class
dwellings at least 26 years. By the >SchediUe to this Act

(«) If " 30 or more persons " are to he displaced under Parliamentary powers the
promoters of the undertaking must first obtain formal approval of a scheme
for rehousing.
(h) In fixing the number to be re-housed, persons of the working classes displaced

during the previous five j^ears are to be considere<I.
(e) The conditions under which, and the persons for whom, and by whom, re-
housing of displaced persons must be carried out are more clearly and
stringently defined (Act of 1903).

PART II.— HOW TO DEAL WITH SMALL SLUMS.

Part II. has been consideralil}- moilificd by tlie repeal of Sections 32 and 33, and
part of 29 and 39 (6), (6), (8). (9), -17 (:>) dealing witli closing (jrders, demolition orders,
and obstructive Iniildings. and also by modifications of Sections 29, 36, 37 (1). 38. 46,
49 and 51 dealing with the definition of dwelling liouse; making of charging orders ;
compensation for obstructive buildings ; confirmation of reconstruction schemes ; en-
largement of matters that may be provided for under Part II. to the same extent as
under Part I. ; payments by Countj' and Borough Councils towards Part II. schemes ;
■enlargement of time by local Magistrates ; service of notices and description of owner
.and the inspection of premises by authoiised persons.

As amended it provides for —

(1) The inspection of eveiy sanitary district from time to time, with a view to

ascertain whether there are any houses unfit for human habitation (Sec. 17
(1), Act of 1909).

(2) The keeping of such records of inspection as the Local Government Board may

prescribe (Sec. 17 (1), Act of 1909).

(3) The closing l>y order of the Local Authority of any dwelling liouse, repre-

sented l:»y any officer of the authority as being xanfit for human habitation.
(Sec. 17 (2), Act of 1909). The order to become operative subject to an
appeal to the Local Government Board, bvit without recourse to the Courts
of Law.
. (4) The demolition by Local Authority of any dwelling house where a closing
order has remained operative over three mojiths (Sec 18, Act of 1909).

(5) The enforcement by Local Authorities of a jn-o vision that houses let _ under

certain rentals shall Ije kept in all respects reasonably fit for habitation
(Sec. 75 and Sees. 14, 15. Act of 1909).

(6) Kemoval of olistructive l)uildings (Sec. 38. and Sec. 28 (1), (2) of the Act of

1909).

(7) The reconstruction oi small unhealthy areas (Sees. 30 and 40 with Sees. 23. 24,

and 33 of the Act of 1909).
It applies to all L^rban and Bural Sanitary Authorities, but those in London and
rural districts must communicate all steps taken to the County Council (Sec. 45 and
Schedule 1).

Obstructive Buildings.— The medical officer of health or any four ratepayers may
inform the local avitliority of any building: —

(«) So (langeions or iiiiuiious to health as to be unfit for liuinan habitation.
ib) Which stops ventilation or otherwise eondnces to make other buildings injurious to health.
((■) Whieli prevents proper measures from being carried into effect for remedying any
nuisance injurious to health (Sees. 31, 38, and 39).
Powers of complaint of the non-exercise of the above powers are given l.iy Sec. 10 of
the Act of 1909.

Cellar Dwellings.— After the 1st Jidy, 1910. a cellar dwelling used habitually as a
sleeping place shall be deem^'d to be a dwelling house unfit for human habitation if —
(a) The surface of the floor Is more than three feet below the surface of the part of

the street adjoining or nearest to the room ; and

(?>) Is either not on an average at least seven feet in height from iloor to ceiling,

or does not comi)ly with regtdations jnvscribed by tlie Local CJoveniment

Board for securing the proper ventilation an(l lighting of such rooms and

the protection thereof again.st dampness, effiuvia, or exhalation.

Small Improvement Scheme.— A scheme on the lines indicated in Part 1. may be

passed liy tho local authority for reconstructing any area containing liuildings such as

those above mentioned, and'must make the required provision for the accommodation

of persons of the working classes displaced by the sdieme. and allowance may be made

o4 INTERNATIONAL HOUSING CONGRKSS.

to the tenants i'or reasonable expenses of removal (Sees. o9 and 40). The Local
Goveninient Board will decide as to which part of the Act proceedings should be taken
under.

PART III.— HOW TO GET lYIORE WORKMEN'S DWELLINGS.

This is the most important part of the Act, because it enables local authorities to
carry out a scheme to ])uild houses for the working classes. There is no provision
limiting the power of the local authority ; no certificate- or other formal pi'oof of
deficient house accommodation is requisite ; no insanitar}' pro]:)erty need be closed or
demolished. The local authoritj' can decide to build at any time and for any reason
which may seem good to it. provided, as in all other municipal work, that the
Local Government Board will sanction any necessaiy loans.

How to Get Land. — Land can be piu-chased compulsorily if necessaiy, as provided in
Section 2 of the Act of 1909 and the Lands Clauses Consolidation Act, 1845, and no
lease, settlement, entail, or other private aiTangement can debar a local authority from
acquiring it.

By Sec. 7 of the Housing Act of 1900, land can be acquired for the purposes of this
Act either inside or outside the district. The price is to be the " fair market value,"
■ndth no allowance for compulsory purchase (Schedule I. (3), Act of 1909). The value
has to be determined in case of dispiite by a single arbitrator appointed bj' the Local
Government Board.

What may be Done with the Land.— Land acquired under Part III. may be either—

(1) Leased to companies or l.iuilders or working men for the erection thereon of
workmen's dwellings (Sec. 5 Act of 1900) ; or,

(2) The council ma}^ itself iindertake and cany out — ■

^ (a) The erection of lodging houses, block (IwelHiigs, tenement houses, cottages (Sees. 53 and

59), and shops for the benefit of the tenants (.Sec. 11, Act of 1903).
{b) The purchase and improvement or reconstruction of existing lodging houses, dwellings, or

cottages (Sec. 58).
((•) The purchase or exchange of land for the purpose of encouraging such construction

improvement, or reconstruction (Sees. 56, 57 and 60) . and the laying out or construction

of public streets or roads (Sec. 6, Act of 1909).
{(!) The provision of a garden, not more than an acre in extent (Sec. 53 and Sec. 50, Act of

1909) .

(e) Fitting up, furnishing, and supplying the dwellings with all requisite fittings, furniture,

and conveniences (Sec. 59).

(f) Making any necessary bye-laws and regulations (.Sees. 61 and 62).

iq) Selling the houses if desirable and necessary after a period of seven years (Sec. 64).

How to Get Money for Land and Buildings under Part III. — The conditions as to
loans obtained by a local authority are as follows : —

(1) The London County Council maj', with the assent of the Treasur}'. create con-
solidated stock, and pro-^ide for repaj'uient within 80 j'ears ;

(2) London borough councils may, if the County Coiuicil think fit, borrow from the
County Council or from the Puldic Works Loans Commissioners ;

(o) Urban district councils and town councils may either borrow from the Public
Works Loans Commissioners or issue stock or boiTOw on securitj' of the rates, subject
to the following conditions : —

1. The consent of the Local Government Board must be obtained.

2. The period of repayment of the loan must not exceed 80 years.

3. Money so borrowed is no longer to be reckoned as part of the debt of the local authority for the

purposes of the limitation on borrowing under Sec. 234 (2) (3) of the P.H. Act, 1875.

Under the Act of 1909. Public "Works Loan Commissioners may lend up to 80 5'ears,
at a rate which is fixed at present liy Treasury minute at 3A per cent., and it is pro-
vided that the interest on loans for long periods shall not be greater than for short
periods (Sec. 3).

Count}' Councils may lend to societies of public utilitj- (Sec. 72, Act of 1909) who
may also borrow direct from the Public Works Loan Commissioners (Sec. 4, Act of
1909).

GeneraL — The disqualification for tenancy of mimicipal dwellings is removed from
those who have been in receipt poor relief (Sec. 46, Act of 1909). Local Government
Board inquiries are modified by Sec. 62. Other modifications are noted in the para-
graph on the Housing and Town-Planning Act, 1909 (supra).

The Labourers' Cottages and Labourers (Ireland) Acts consist of the Acts of 1881'
1882, 1883. 188.^. 1886. 1891. 1896. and 1897, as consolidated or amended by the Local
Government ( Ireland) Act. 1898. and the liaboxu-ers Act. 1906. The district councils
have power to ptirchase land Ijy compulsoiy powers if necessary, and to borrow money
on the security of the rates. One-acre garden allotments can 1 >e provided. Land coiu-ts
m fixing jixilicial rents may impose conditions as to building labourers' cottages, if

HOUSING OF THE WORKING CLASSES. 85

satisfied there is a necessity for new ones, or as to improving old cottag-cs, and they may
also decide as to the rents of such cottages. Powers of representation as to a deficient
supply of houses are also given, and the local authority must thei'eupon proceed to seciu-e
the erection of dwellings. Housing suhsidies are also payable to local authorities un<:ler
the various Land Purchase Acts. The terms for loans have varied fi-om '21 to '-^i per
cent. The amount boiTOwed exceeds £3,415,000, and the number of cottages built is
over 20,6.34, divided as follows — Ulster, 1,663; ilunstei', 10,617; Leinster, 8,018; Con-
naught, 336. They are let at weekly rents vaiying from 9d. to Is. 6d. per week, and their
average cost has been about £150. £47,480 was received in rent for the year ending
31st March. 1906 ; the Government subsidy was £41,610, and the rates contributed
£63,000. These sums are just sufficient to pay interest and instalment for i-epaj'ment
of principal amounting to £151,898. The rates are paid by the occupiers.

A new Act passed in 1906 provides for loans up to £4,250.000 being advanced Ijy the
Irish Land Commission repayable on the annuity system in 683- years at 3i per cent,
for interest and repajnnent of principal instead of £4 lis. 8d. as formerly. The
Exchequer g-rant of £37,000 is to be divided among the districts building or having built
cottages at a pro rata amount per cottage. In future it is estimated that the cfist of
Irish labourers' municipal cottages will be paid ll-3ords by the Government suljsidy
16-33rds by the labourer, and 6-33rds by the rates.

Work Done by Local Authorities with regard to the housing of the working
classes has been of a threefold natiire.

In the first place, thej^ have taken action under the Public Health Acts to obtain
abatement of niiisances, to stop overcrowding, to insist upon existing dwelling houses
being made healthy, and to enforce the bye-laws which secure proper construction and
sanitation for new dwellings, and also for regulating common lodging houses, and
houses let in lodgings.

In the second place, they have taken action under Part II. of the Housing of the
Working Classes Act, 1890, to compel the renovation or demolition of single houses,
obstnxctive buildings, or small groups of houses which are. or cause others to be, unfit
for human habitation ; and under the Artisans' Dwellings Acts, and Part I. of the Act
of 1890, they have condemned and reconstrircted, after purchase, large insanitarj- areas
containing a niimber of siich houses.

In the thii-d place, they have taken action to a limited extent under Parts I. and II.
of the same Act, together with local improvement Acts, and to a greater extent under
Part III. of the Act of 1890, the Small Dwellings Acquisition Act, 1899, and the
Housing of the Working Classes (Amendment) Acts, 1900 and 1903, to provide or
encourage the provision of new, healthy housing accommodation in the form of moilel
lodging houses, block dwellings, tenement houses, fiats and cottages.

Action taken by metropolitan Borough Councils Under Part II. of the Housing of the
Working Classes Act, 1890, with the aid of a contribution by the County Council.

Under Part II. of tlie Housing of the Working Classes Act, 1890. metropolitan
borough councils are empowered to undertake schemes for the clearance of small
insanitaiy areas either independently of, or in conjunction with, the Council. As a
matter of fact all schemes hitherto undertaken by the inetropolitan lnu-ongh councils
have been entered upon in co-operation with the Council. The ('ouncil contributes a
proportion, one-half or one-third, of the net cost of the acquisition of property and of
the necessary works in connection with the relaying out of the area apart from the
erection of dwellings. It also retains general supervision over the carryiu": out of the
scheme and a power of a])pro\dng the plans of any dwellings that nuiy have to be
erected. Ten schemes have been undertaken, eight of which have been entirely
completed, the remaining two being in an advanced stage of prtigress.

Action taken by the London County Council Under Part III., Housing of the Working
Classes Act, 1890, as extended by the Housing of the Working Classes Act, 1900.

Under I'art 111. of the Housing of the Working Classes Act. 18!>0. as extended by
the Act of 1900, the Council has provided in various parts of the county a number of
tenement dwellings capable of accommodating 4,555 persons; and in aildition it has
acquired fom* estates in the suburbs, comprising nearly 340 acres, upon whicli cottages
are bemg erected. • Up to 31st March. 1909, 1,335 cottages, with accommodation for
10,176 persons, had been completed on these estates, making a total accommodation for
14,731 persons provided under Part 111. of the Act.

The Tooting or Totterdown Fields Estate.— This estate, comprises about ^iSJ acres,
and was purchased in 1900, for £44,238. For the purposes of development the estate
has been divided into three sections, of wliich section A contains about 9.1 acres, .section

o6 INTERNATIOXAL IIOUSIXC COXORESS.

B about l'2f acres, aiul section C about 16.1 acres. About 9i acres of the estate yet
remain to be developed. On Sections A and B, 707 cottag-es. containing accommodation
for 5,108 persons, and two shops had been erected. On Section C roads and sewers
have been completed, and PO cottages with accommodation for 680 jjersons in addition
to two shops had been completed up to 31st March, IPO.'^. On the remainder of the
Section 4o8 cottages are to be pro\ided and contracts for the erection of nearly half this
number liavi^ alreadj- been let.

The Norbury Estate. — An estate at N'orbury, comprising about 00 aci-es, was acquii-ed
by the Council in 1901, the pui'chase money amounting to £18,000. A little more
than 1 J acres of the estate has been sold to the owner of adjoining property for the sum
of £o.400, thus reducing the total area to about 282^ acres. The roads and sewers on
about 16i acres of the estate liave already been formed, and 240 cottages, with accom-
modation for 1,901 persons, have been erected, or are approaching- completion. A
further contract for the erection of 110 cottages is in progress, and in addition to this
niimber plans have already been prepared for 95 cottages to complete the development
of that portion of the estate upon which roads have been formed.

The Wood Green and Toiienham Estate,— This estate, known as the White Hart Lane
estate, which comprises about 225s acres, was acquired by the Council in 1901, the total
pui-chase monej^ amounting to £90,225. Roads have been formed and sewers constiiicted
on about 40 acres, on 19 acres of which cottages have been erected, or are in course of
erection, while an additional 3 acres has been laid out as an estate garden. About
21 acres have been laid out as allotments for the benefit of the tenants of the cottages.
Up to 31st March, 1909, !)99 cottages, with accommodation for 3,196 persons, had been
-completed. 149 were in course of construction, and the question of erecting a further
instalment of 105 cottages was under consideration. In 1903 the Council accepted a
generous offer of £10,000, made by Sii' Samuel Montagu (now Lord Swa3'thling), to be
applied towards the development of about 25 acres of the estate. The principal
condition of the gift is that the tenancies in the cottages to lie erected on the site are to
be offered, in the first instance, and from time to time as vacancies occur, to residents
of Whitecliapel of not less than three years' standing, without distinction of race or
creed. On the Tower G-ai'dens section, which has been allocated for the purpose of the
gift, 167 cottages have already been completed, and it is estimated that in all 568
cottages can be provided. A jiart of this section, upwards of three acres in extent, has
been laid out as an estate garden, the cost being defrayed out of the gift money.

Old Oak Common Lane Estate, Hammersmith. — The Council, in 1905, purchased from
the Ecclesiastical Commissioners for £29,858 a site of 54? acres at Old Oak Common
Lane, Hammersmith. About 7f acres of the estate have been acquired by the Great
AVestern Eailway Company for the cor^straction of a branch line from Acton to
Shepherd's Bush, the Company paying to the Council £10,500 in respect of the value
of the land and the damage sustained by the estate. A scheme is now in course of
preparation for the development of the estate Ijy the erection of cottages to accommo-
date about 8,000 persons.

The other schemes undertaken and completed by the Coiuxcil under Part 111.
comprise the Millbank scheme, AA^estminster ; Green Street and Gun Street, Southwark ;
Hughes Fields. Deptford ; AVessex Buildings and Caledonian Estate, Islington ; Dufferin
Street Dwellings, St. Luke ; Briscoe Buildings, Brixton ; Holmwood Buildings,
Southwark ; Bourne Estate, or Reid's Brewery site, Holborn ; and the Parker Street
Lodging House, Drury Lane, and Carrington House, Deptford.

In addition to schemes carried out by the Council under the Housing Acts, the
Coimcil also has to provide re-housing accommodation for persons of the working
class ilisplaeed bj' it in connection with the construction of tunnels, the widening of
streets, and other pulilic improvements. The number of persons so displaced iip to
31st March, 1909, was 12.313, and dwellings, capable of re-housing 12,496 persons have
been completed, the principal improvenxeuts and the numljer of persons for whom
accommodation had been provided up to 31st March, 1909, l;>eing as follow : Blackwall
Tunnel, 1,464; Kingsway and Aldwych, 3,788; Rotherhithe Tunnel, 1,990; Thames
Embankment Extension and A^'estminster Improvements. 2.368; Long Lane and
Tabard Street (Bermondsey). 400; Mare Street, Hackney. 606; York Road, Battersea
Rise, Garratt Lane, and Merton Road, 536; Nine Elms Lane, 238; Fulham Palace
Road and High Street, I'ulham, 220 ; and Greenwich Generating Station, 220.

Housiiva OF Till-: workixg classes.

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40 INTKRXATIoNAh HOUSING COXGKESS.

II.— HOUSING IN THE CITY.

Tlie Corporation of Loiuloii Juive ci-fctLMl Artisans' Dwellings in tlie City as
lanJer, viz : —

Under the Artisans' and Labourers' Dwelling-s Act, 187o, are situated on a site
in Stoney Lane, Middlesex Street, whicli was cleared between 1877 and 1879. The site
covers 79,1981't., or nearly two acres, and five separate hlpcks of dwelling-s have been
erected, at a total cost of £201,415. Each of the blocks is live storeys hig-h. counting
the ground floor, and altogether they contain 241 tenements. Under two of the blocks
are 20 shops, with 34 rooms at the rear, and this brings the total number of habitable
rooms, exclnsive of the shops, up to 535. The rents are as follow : — Large shop, with
basement and one room, 28s. per week ; shop, with basement and two rooms, 25s ;
small shop, with basement and one room, 16s. ; shop and basement, 18s. ; three-
room tenements, 8s. 6d. to lis. 6d. per week ; two-room tenements, from 6s. to 9s. per
■week ; and one-room tenements, 4s. to 6s. per week. Rentals, in the year 1908-9, amounted
to £'5,918, against an expenditure of £5,155, including £1,811 interest on loan. There
was thus a balance of £763 in favour of the account.

Tower Bridge Buildings, in Dockhead. were taken on lease by the Corporation for
25 years. They are of the model dwelling style, and comprise basement, ground, and
four floors. The area of the site is approximatelj' 6,830 scpiare feet, the buildings
covering about 4,720 square feet. Excluding the shops on the ground floor, the dwellings
consist of 70 rooms, divided into 31 suites of one, two, an<l three rooms, providing
accommodation for about 30 families. The weekly rents range from 9s. 6d. to 3s. 6d.
The i-ents for the year 1908 amoxmted to £845, and the outgoings to £1,070, leaving
a deficit of £225 to be made iip from the funds of the Bridge House Estates.

Viaduct Buildings stand on a site which, -\\dth a covered yard, is 8,400 square feet.
They are fom- floors high, including the ground floor, and contain 40 dwellings, each
with parlour, scullery, w.c, &c.. and one liedroom. The nuniber of i^ersons occupjniig
the dwellings is 178. The total rentals for 1908 amounted to £780, the rents charged
ranging from 8s. 6d. to 6s. per week. ^

The dwellings erected voluntarily by the Corporation in Farringdon Eoad were
built in 1865, at a cost of £54,568, ancl extended in 1880, at a cost of £5.199. The area
of the site is about 26,800ft. super. The buildings are six floors high, inclui.ling groimd
floor, and contain 12 shops, each with parlour, scullery, w.c, etc.. and two 1 >edrooms ; 84
dwellings, each with parlour, scullery, w.c, &c., and two bedrooms ; and 84 dwellings,
each Avith parlour, scullery, w.c, &c,, and one bedroom. The total number of persons,
accommodated is 833. The rents per set of rooms range from 4s. 6d. to 7s. 6d. per week,
and the total rentals for 1908 amounted to £3.893.

III.— THE BOROUGH COUNCILS.

Battersea. — The Council has built, Ijy direct laliour. tenements and houses, on the
Latchmere Estate, for 315 families of the working classes. Each house or tenement
is self-contained, is wired for electric light. Id, in the slot at 4d. per unit, and is pro-
vided with combined food cupboard and dresser, and ample shelving, with patent
combined kitchen-range, copper, and bath arrangements, and l.iack garden. The walls
are of hard stock bricks, the fronts faced Avith picked stocks, with red hard courses and
quoins to the windows. The roofs are of Welsh slate, capped -with red tiles. Wages
paid by the Council were : — Plumbers and plasterers, lid. per lioiir ; carpenters,
bricklayers, electricians, and masons, 10 Id. per hour; lathers and painters, 9d. per
hour ; scaifolders, 8d. per hour ; labourers and watchmen. 7^1. per hour. Forty-eight
hours was a week's work. The price of the building worked out at under 7d. per foot
cube, or £78 per room, not counting the bathroom-scullery, v,-ith an area of 75 square
feet. The houses are supplied with water by an artesian well, 456 feet deep, sunk on
the estate. The average cost of electric light to the tenants is l|d. per night in
winter, and |d. in summer. Streets and buildings cover nearlj- eight acres, while nearly
io\u- acres are reserved for a recreation-ground.

On the Town Hall Estate there are 14 houses containing two three-room tenements
each, and four houses containing two two-room tenements each, fitted up similar to,
those on the Latchmere Estate. Wood block flooring, however, is provided on the
gronml floors. The last financial returns were as follows : Latchmei'e Estate, receipts
£7,904; expenditure (including interests and repayment of loans) £8,160, deficit £256.
ToAvn Hall Estate, receipts £792; expenses £884; "deficit £82. When the repayments
are balanced against this the result is that they may reasonaljly claim to be self-
supporting. The hoiises are diWded into three distinct types, viz., four-room tenement-!,
thi-ee-room tenements, and five-room houses. The height of all rooms is 8ft. 9in. clear,
and each tenement has its own separate entrance and back garden.

HUL.SINL. UF THE WUUKi.NG CLASSK.'^. 41

Bermondsey.— The Borough Council, under Part II. of the Hoiisiuff Act, 1890, has
erected four l:)lock.s of model dwelling-s capaljle of accommodating !^80 persons in 490
rooms on the Fulford Street and Braddon Street area. These dwellings were con-
structed from competitive designs, adjudicated upon bj^ the Vice-President of the
Eo3-al Institute of British Architects. They are on the balcony system, and cost £'83
per room, or 8jd. per foot cube.

Camberwell. — Two schemes have been imdertaken by the Council imder Part III.
(Sections o7 and 59), one in Camberwell for reconstructing an insanitar}' area and the
other in Grove Yale, Dub\-ich. for providing new dwellings.

At Grove A^ale a ijlot of land, aliout eight acres in extent, was purchased for £o,400, after
setting aside a portion for piiblic improvements. ]S'inety-ti\-e houses have been
erected giving ISo tenements. The scheme is completed, and the total cost of the site
and the houses is over £'«5(J,0(X). The estate is quite self-supporting, after setting aside
the unnecessarily liljeral proportion for repair's fund as required bj- the London
County Council as a condition of the loan.

The financial results show a surplus at March, 1909, of f 1,372 19s. after paying all
working expenses, with interest and repajauent of loans and £554 lt)s. per annum set
aside as a repairs fund. Empties last year were £11 and arrears nil, on a rental of
£4,977. The repaii's fund already contains £1,702. ami the accumulated surpluses
of this Dulwich scheme will amount to £4,474 in 1914-1-"), thus meeting the deficit on
the acquisition and improvement of the Hollington Street insanitary area.
The total outlaj^ of the Council on all its housing schemes is over £120,000.
Chelsea. — The Comicil bought Onslow Dwellings in 1901, and, in Beaufort Street
near Battersea Bridge, also purchased, about six years ago, a cleared site, some
l"t3 acres in extent, and has erected artisans dwellings thereon. These dwellings consist
of five blocks of six-storied hou.ses. known as Sir Thomas More Biuldings, and contain
261 tenements, wth 579 rooms, costing £89, or 83d. per foot cube. A drying-roona, day
and night hot water supply, including boiling water for kjjttles. and eight bathrooms
are also provided. All partitions ai"e of fire-proof matenal 22 inches thick, and the
walls are finished A\-itli distemper. The ficxn* area is 240 square feet for one-room,
372 send 384 square feet for two-room, and 525 square feet for three-room tenements. In
1905-6 the Coiuicil erected Pond Hoiise upon the site of Xos. 21-:)1. Pond Place.

The Council are erecting working-class dwellings upon a site in Grove (.'ottages.
Manor Street, Chelsea, which site was given to the Council by the freeholder, the
Et. Hon, Earl Cadogan, K.G.

Hackney. — The intention to erect tenement dwellings in Urswick Road has been
al)andoued.

Hammersmith. — In November, 1903, three blocks of eight tenements for 24 families
were opened in Yeldham Koad. The rooms are liglited by electricity from the adjacent
■works. The buildings, the total cost of which was £5.954. were built on vacant land.

Hampstead. — A .site was acquired in Lower Cross Koad, at the corner of L'pper
Park Pioad, and three blocks of dwellings, with accommodation for about 250 jjeople,
have been erected and are occupied. The sets of rooms are self-contained, each
liaraig its own scullery, water-closet. Arc.

St. Marylebone. — The Borougli Council has provided 52 tenements of various sizes on
a site in John Street. The London County Council sanctioned a loan of £12.265 for the
buildings on the condition that the Borough Council set aside £103 a year as a repairs
fund. The buildings were completed in JMarch. liK)5. They consist of seven stories
in red Ibstock facings, relieved Avith jjickeil Fletton bricks, which are largely used
throughout and set in Portland cement mortiir. The back part oi the roof is fiat and
used as a diying gi-ound. Ilntrance halls, corridors, .staircases, landings and wa.sh-
houses, are of glazed brickwork from fioor to ceiling. There are two wash-hf»use.s. each
with two washing troughs on each fioor. with dust galleries for sanitary dustljins
between. There were very many more applicants than tenements. The Imi)rovements
and Housing Committees sul)mitted a sclieme, under Part II.. in relation to an area
kno\\ni as the Devonshire Place area, but owing to various circumstances it has not yet
been proceeded with.

St. Pancras. — The London County Council, under Part I. of the Housing Act. has
cleared the area known as Churchwaj% an<l erected model dwellings thereon. The
Borough Council, under Part II.. decided to deal with four other areas — the Brantome
Place, Prospect Terrace. Chapel Grove, and Eastnor Place areas, l^rantome Place area
has been demolished, and model dwellings erected known as Flaxman Terrace. These
new buildings have a frontage of 360ft., and are six storeys high, including half-
basement and attics. The half-basement is made atti-active b}' a long sloi)e planted

42 IXTKRNATTOXAL HOUSING CONGRESS.

with evergreens. The buildings contain 48 three-room tenements and 36 two-roorn
tenements, with total accommodation for 432 persons. Each tenement is self-
contained, liaving its own scullery and w.c, and is entered from a lobby to secure
privacy. The combined kitchen and scullery for each tenement contains a washing
trough, a copper, a larder, a dresser, a coal bunk, a gas cooker and a double-faced
range. By lifting tip a shutter in the middle of the range the fire can be transferred
into the living-room. Each Ijedroom has a dress cupboard \\-ith shelves and pegs. The
l>uildings are lighted wdth incandescent gas. The basement of the superintendent's
lodge is available as a drying room for clothes at a small charge. At the rear of the
buildings is an open space averaging 50ft. wide. PeramVjulator and bicycle sheds are
available at a small charge. Rents range from 6s. 6d. to 8s. 6d. a week for two-room
tenements, and fi'om 9s. 6d. to lis. 6d. for three-room tenements. The average area of
living rooms is 160ft., of the bedrooms of the two-room tenements 129ft., and of the
three-room tenements 102 to 108ft. The total cost of the buildings, exclttsive of land,
w^as £22,000. Prospect Terrace area has been demolished, and new blocks of model
dwellings are approaching completion at a cost of £19,000. The buildings consist of a
block of six storeys, including half basement and attic storeys, and comprise 36 three-
room tenements and 34 two-room tenements. Each tenement lias a separate scullery
and w^c., and is entered from a lobby so as to give absolttte privacy to the tenants. The
scitlleiy, is completely equipped as a kitchen, mth washing trough, independent copper
for washing clotlies, larder, dresser, coal bunk, gas cooking range and double-faced
range, the fire of which can be transferred to the sitting-room Vi.y the movement of a
shtitter. The Council has also erected W'Orking-class dwellings in Great College Street.
The site extends to lo.404ft., and the btiiklings accommodate 332 persons. Each
tenement is self-contained, having its o^^^l waslihotise, copper, and sanitaiy con-
veniences, and a small covered balcony on which a dustbin stands. The contract for
the erection of the buildings amotinted to £17,734, but to this must be added the cost
of the site, viz., £'6,500. Model dwellings are also proposed to be constructed on Chapel
Grove and Eastnor Place areas. In the first case accommodation will be provided for
400 persons in the place of 501 who wdll be displaced by the execution of the scheme,
while in the latter case, 100 persons will be re-housed, 189 being displaced.

Shoreditch. — The Shoreditch Vestry cleared a large insanitary area in Moii-a
Place, displacing 533 persons. Artisans' dwelHiigs were erected in 1899, capable of
rehousing 400 people, and f lu-ther blocks of dwellings, with shops, have been erected
for another 148 persons. Under Part III. of the Act the Council has also purchased
an estate at Haggerston, and intends developing it for housing purposes.

Stepney. — Two schemes under Part II. were inaugurated by the late Limehouse
Board of Works, the sites being practically cleared before the Council came into
existence. The Queen Catherine Court scheme was sanctioned at the end of 1893.
The number of persons displaced was 133. The area of the whole site is about 9,000
super, feet, and a block of dwellings (" Edward Mann Buildings ") has been erected on
6,000 super, feet, and the remainder of the site has been let as a store. These dwellings
accommodate 128 persons. The Council has also purchased under the provisions of
Part III. of the Housing of the Working Classes Act, 1890. seven private houses
adjoining the area in Dorset Street and Briuiswick Place, which the Council l^t as
workmen's dwelluigs.

The King John's. Court scheme was formally commenced on the lltli July, 1894,
when the Limehouse District Board of Works passed a resolution directing a scheme
to be prepared with reference to an area having 8,500 super, feet abutting on Limehouse
Causeway. The scheme was approved bj- the London County Council in May, 1896,
and, after holding a local inquiry, the Local Government Board confirmed on 20th
December, 1899, an Order made by them. As the Order of the Local Government
Board only authorised the Borough Cotuicil to erect dwelhngs to accommodate 56
persons, a further Order w^as obtained from the Board on the 30th September, 1903,
appropriating the land forming the site of the dwellings for the purposes of Part III. of
the Housing of the AVorking Classes Act, 1890. Artisans' dwellings, named Potter
Dwellings, were erected on the area to accommodate 132 persons, and were opened on
nth March. 1904.

Westminster. — The Westminster City Council purchased a site from the Ecclesias-
tical Commissioners, with a frontage to Eegency Street of 305 feet, to Page Street of
175 feet, and to Vincent Street of 228 feet, containing a superficial area of nearlj' li acres.
Three parallel blocks, known as Xorfolk House, Probyn House, and Jessel House, have
been built, six store3's in height, including half -basement and attic storej's. There are
two roadways, or playgrounds, 40 feet wide between the blocks, at the ends of which
arcading has been constnicted to connect the buildings, so as to form continuous and

HOUSING UF THE WORKING CLASSES. 43

artistic frontages. The luiikliiig.s house about 1,600 persons, there being 793 rooms
divided into 342 tenements. The rents include chimney-sweeping and the free use of
Venetian blinds, baths and hot water supjjlies, and drying-room. The cost of the land
and buildings has been approximately £'95,000, or about £5,000 less than the architects'
original estimate, and the rents are adjusted to a scale that will, after providing for a
sinking fund to repay the total outlay on the buildings in 60 years, and on the land in
80 years, give a nett return on the expenditure of 3f per cent, per annum. The scheme
is therefore self-supporting, ample provision having been made for all outgoings.
The dwellings are occupied only by members of the working classes pi-incipally em-
ployed, at low wages, within the City of Westminster. The one, two. and three-
room tenements are on the associated principle, but the four-roomed are self-contained.

In July, 1906, there were opened the City of Westminster Dwellings, Marshall
Street, Golden Square, W. The building is five storeys in height, and has a total
of 20 tenements, containing 50 njoms. The rents are higher than in Regency Street,
owing to the greater value of the land.

Woolwich. — ^Twentj^-tive dwellings have been erected by the Council in Barge
House Road and the Manorway, North Woolwich, under the provisions of Part III.
of the 1890 Housing Act. The whole scheme has cost £8,883 19s., exclusive
of the site, which was previously in the possession of the Council. Each building
contains a large living-room, with a scullery at the rear on the ground floor, con-
taining a bath, and three good-sized bedrooms upstairs. There are two houses at
10s. per week, seven at 9s. per week, nine at 8s. 6d. per week, and seven at 8s. per week.

PROVINCIAL CITIES AND TOWNS.

Ix considenng the housing work done outside London it will be convenient to deal
first with the various clearance and improvement schemes, and afterwai'ds with the
varii >us schemes for building new dwellings.

CLEARANCE AND IIVIPROVEIVIENT SCHEIVIES. .

In connection ^vith street impnn-ements, housing schemes have been carried out in
Bath, Bristol, Carlisle, Hull, Keighley, Manchester, Norwicli, and Plymouth, necessi-
tating the erection of about 250 cottages in place of dwellings demolished. Under
Local Improvement Acts much work has been done at Glasgow, Liverpool, and
Douglas (Isle of Man).

Liverpool. — Under the Liverpool Sanitaiy Amendment Act, 1864. in which year it
is- estimated that no less than 22,000 strircturally insanitary houses existed in this
city, the medical officer of health is empowered to report to the Council that certain
hoiises (specifying them) are unfit for human habitation and ought to Ije demolished,
which report is subsequently brought before the Grand Jury at Quai-ter Sessions.
Their decision in favour of demolition is called a "Presentment." The City Council
has in the past made very extensive use of this Act, but as a large site for rebuilding
cannot always be assured 1)y this method of procedure, it has in recent years adopted
several " Schemes " under the Housing of the Working Classes Acts. Up to the end
of the year 1907 the number of houses remaining to be dealt with was about 4,850,
whilst the total amount expended was as follows :^Housing, £524.350 ; Demolition,
£353.656.

Glasgow. — ^The Glasgow Imjn-ovements Act, 1866, created an Improvement Trust
which has been administered l:)j^ the city coimcil. The scheme comprised the acquisition
of 88 acres in the centre of the city, including the Salt Market, High Street. Trongate,
Bridge Gate, &c. The houses were old, dilapidated, and insanitary, and the wynds
and closes narrow and irregular. The population of the area was about 51,000,
densely crowded, and living in an insanitary condition. Thirty new streets have been
formect, and 26 streets widened, occupying about 23 acres formerly covered with houses.
Two filthy streams which run through the district have been covered in; the Alexandra
Park has been acquired and laid out, and since 1889 the Corjioration itself, as
Improvement Trustees, has built dwellings upon the various sites. Building by
municipal rather than })rivate agency was only adopted for six lodging-houses until
1889, when inadequate prices for land let on lease compelled the Corporation to begin
the erection of block dwellings.

The Glasgow Improvements Act. 1897. authorises further improvemouts, including the
purchase of 25 acres of land, within or without the citj', as sites for workmen's dwellings.

A new improvement rate, limited to l]d. in the £. is authorisetl to In; imjiosed equally
on landlord and t<'iiant. The increasing revenue from rent-iiroducing properties has
enabled the Improvements Committee to provide a sinking fund to repay all loans
within 60 years, and to reduce the rate last year to id.

44 INTERNATIONAL HOUSING CONGRESS.

The jnircliase aiul improvement of lands and Lnilding-s have involved the expendi-
ture of ,t2,()00,000, and new buildings have cost over fclOO.UOO. Property has Leen sold
and fen dnties created to the value of £ 1,000,000, and the municipality holds property
valued at £'880,000. The amount drawn I'roiii the rates in :!0 years is abcnit £"<300,000.
The .total revenue for the j'ear ended olst May, 1900, was £10.j,4(i2 lJ3s. 2d., and the
expenditnrt> £10:'>,4P> l^ls. 8d.. sliowiiig- a iiett surplus of £2,016 19s. 6d.

Birmingham— Great Improvement Scheme. — This Corporation carried out several
schemes under the Artisans' and Labourers' Dwelling-s Acts, 1875. The first area dealt
with was 98 acres in extent, from New Street on the south, to Aston Koad on the north.
The houses were old and dila])idated, and the death rate douljle that of the healthiest part
of the boroug-h. The estimated expenditure was as follows : — Cost of purchasing pro-
perties, £l,olO,000; street making, £34,000; total, £1,344,000. Less value of surplus
land, £794,000. Nett cost, £5o0,000. One of the streets formed on the area is Corpora-
tion Street, 1,484 yards long, about 22 yards wide. The Corpoa-ation did not acquire all
the properties. It purchased about 45 acres and 1,867 dwelling-houses out of 3,744
upon the area. About 1,200 were taken down ; the remainder were repaired and put in
f?anitary condition by removing buildings where too crowded, rebuilding conveniences,
paving yards, providing proper sj'stem of drainage. &c. The greater portion of land
acquii'ed has been let on building lease, 75 years, for shops and other premises. The
ground rents produce about £45,902 per amuim, and the rents of premises left standing
on the luicleared portion of the land amount to £16,514 per annum gross. The Corpora-
tion accpiired other areas not so centrally situated, and has provided thereon 103 cottage
dwellings, which have been built under the Housing Act of 1890.

Greenock. — The Corporation of this town carried oiit an extensive scheme imder the
Artisans' Dwellings Improvement Act, 1875, and as the land was unsuccessfuUj- offered
for sale, they had to liuild dwellings themselves. The total cost of the scheme was
about £205,000, of which £72,500 was expended on new Imildings. The debt has now
been reduced to £172,357.

Swansea. — Undej- the same Act this Corporation earned out an improvement scheme
at a cost of £128,540 for demolishing insanitaiy areas. The land was off'ered for sale
or lease, as it was said that local builders would provide for those displaced. On part
of the area a public library and some hoiises of a good class were erected. The nett
cost of the scheme is about £3,400 a year.

Wolverhampton. — This Corporation re-arranged or demolished 16 acres of slums in
the centre of the town. The expenditure was £231,948, biit the property resold met
half this amount, and the charge on the rates last year was _£5,798. It
was stated that private enterprise would pro\dde sufficient accommodation, but the
working classes are finding a scarcity of good houses, and a small model scheme for 50
new dwellings on the flat system has now been carried out by the Council under Part
III. of the Act of 1890.

Douglas. — The Council has spent £55,000 on clearance schemes, and £16,000 on three
blocks of artisans' dwellings. Other new dwellings are to be erected. Scheme for
seven two-fiat houses now before Legislatm-e. Ground floor : Living room, thi-ee
bedi'ooms, scidlery, bath, &c. ; proposed rental 6s. per week clear. Upper flat: Living
room, five bedrooms, scullery, bath, &c. ; proposed rental, 7s. 6d. per week clear ;
separate entrance door to each flat. Cost of the seven houses (fourteen flats),
estimated, £3,000; land, £1,000.

Under the Artisans' and Labourers' Dwellings Acts, 1851 to 1882, some large
iinhealthy areas were cleared in Birmingham, Greenock, Nottingham, Swansea, and
Wolverhampton.

MPROVEWIENT SCHEMES UNDER PART I.

Of the Act of 1890 resemlile very closelj' tlujse under the Artisans' and Labourers',
&c.. Acts, with the exception that in most cases the local authorities have themselves
provided a larger amount of new accommodation. The cost of purchasing slums has
been somewhat less owing to the improved terms of compensation under Sec. 21 of the
Act of 1890.

Bath. — Lampards Buildings have been cleared, an.d 34 houses, containing 38 dwellings,
situate in the upper part of the city have been erected. Nearly all are
tenanted. The rents are collected weekly, and give very little troiible. This
has been rather a costly scheme owing to compensations to owners of ]>roperty
and other charges, also owing to the fact that retaining walls had to l>e erected to
support properties, &c., as the site is upon a very steep gradient. A wonderful
improvement in the neighbourhood has been effected. Cost of erection of houses,
£7,200; compensations, purchase of old properties, erection of retaining walls,
street works, &c., &<:., £9,500 ; total capital outlay, £16,700.-

HOUSING OF THE WORKING CLASSES. 4-j

Birkenhead. — Cleared 2^ acres of land and 338 houses, and built 18 cottage dwellings
and 88 tenement dwellings. Twenty-two double tenements are in course of
erection at Tunnel Road and Egertou Street, at an estimated cost of £8,00t3.

Birmingham. — Cleared slums in Milk Street, and built 61 two-storey flats.

Brighton. — Cleared areas in Cumberland Place, St. .James's Street, and Spa Street, at
a cost of £'10o,892, less £'15,o87 received for land sold.

Devonport.— -Cleared areas in James Street and Ordnance Street, and covered them
with lOo tenement hoiises. Capital cost £48,277.

Leeds. — Carrying oiit scheme for clearing 7o acres. Cost £-jOO,000.

Manchester. — Cleared Oldham Road and Pollard Street areas, live acres, costuig about
£107,000. Displaced 1,870 persons, and rehoused 1,824, at a cost of £113,922. Death-
rate of district materially reduced.

Plymouth. — Cleared 7,973 yards and displaced 813 persons, at cost of £34.t307. Built
blocks and flats to house about 1,600 persons, at total cost of £73,260 excluding
land. Income £3,-^47. Expenditure £1,691, in addition to capital charges.

Portsmouth.— Cleared 3,136 yards for £4,000, and sold site for £640.

Prescot.— -BoiTOwed £6,000 for clearance scheme for 80 j'ears under Act of 1903, and
earned out some of the work. In 1905 another sum of £l,7oO was borrowed for
completing the work.

Salford. — Cleared areas disislacing 1,459 persons. Built nnmicipal lodging-house for

285 persons, with lilock ilwellmgs and cottages to house a total of 3.170 persons.

Total capital expenditure £281,927, involving a subsidy of £4,546 from tlie rates.
Sheffield. — Cleared the Crofts area of about five acres, at a cost of £114,269, and built

181 dwellings on part of the site, at a cost of £36,428, excluding £4.153 housing

valuation of the site included in above.

Southampton. — Area of about three acres cleared, and lodging-house and ailisans
dwellings, flats, and cottages erected at total cost of £77,462.

Stretford. — Cleared area and Iniilt 20 double tenement houses.

Sunderland.— Cleared area at cost of £2 14s. Id. per yard. Buiit 48 two-roomed dwell-
ings at 3s. 9d. and 4s. per week, and 36 three-room dv/ellings at 4s. 9d. and 5s.
per week.

Wigan. — Cleared area. Built 160 cottages, and sold them recently.

ACTION UNDER PART II.

Schemes under Part II. have lieeu very few in number.
Three schemes carried out at Manchester were : —

Chip Town, area 1-=- acre, acquired almost entirely l:>y agreement, and 318 persojis

displaced at a cost of £15,141.
Pott Street area, It acre, acquu-ed with 127 houses and 299 persons displaced at a

cost of £14,621.
Han-ison Street area, -} acre, acquired with 79 houses and 250 persons tlisplaced at

a cost of £5,147.

In addition to these schemes, however, a number of local authorities have tried to
close or demolish unhealthj' dwellings luider Sees. 32 and :JS of the Act of 1890.
Unfortunately the cumbrous and ineffective procedure has crippled much of their woi-k,
and it has been practically impossible to get unhealthy houses compulsoiily
demolished. It is to Ije hoped the new Act will make for imjjrovement.

DWELLINGS BUILT BY LOCAL AUTHORITIES.

The workmen's dwellings I'uilt by local authorities may l^e divided into t\\<> gioujis:

1. Those provided on or near the area dealt with by one of the foregoing iiniu'ove-

ment schemes to house a part of the displaced iJopiUation. The money
required in such cases has been generally includ<'d in the loans before men-
tioned, but in some cases the dwellings have been laiilt 'oy adopting Part 111.

2. Those provided itnder Part III. of the Act of 1890 on new sites acquired for the

express pui-pose, and mainly with a ^-iew to increase the general accommoda-
tion of districts where there has not lieen a sufficient supply of healthy houses.

46

INTERNATIONAL HOUSING CONGRESS.

The Tnhleri irhivh follow iMve been adapted by permission from the "Housing

Handbook."

The dwc'llino-s erected have heeu of five types, as follow : —

1. Coininon lodg'ing'-hou.ses, with either bunks or culncles.

2. Block dwelling's four or five stoi'eys high.

3. Tenement houses of three storeys.

4. Cottage flats in two-storey self-contained dwelling-s.

5. Cottages of various sizes, self-contained, with gardens.

The municipal dwellings erected include common lodging-houses, block dwellings,
tenement houses, cottage flats, and cottages. Appended are details as to number, cost,
and financial working of the municipal lodging-houses brought up to date : —

Town.

Aberdeen

Belfast (1902)

Croydon

Darweu (1898)

Glasgow— seven (1871-1879)

Huddersfleld (1880)

Lancaster (1896)

Leith (1894)

Loudon —
Parker Street, Drury Lane

Carriugton House

Bruce House

Manchester (1899)

Salford (1894)

Southampton (1899)

261
222
84 men ")
17 women S
110 men 7
20 women j"
2,166 men ")
248 women S
163 men S
12 women >
10 double )
99
200

345
802
698
363
285
181

Total Cost.

£
18,365
12,310

7,435

7,920

107,000

6,492

750
8,833

.23,159
54.937
45,329
25.252
16.880
15,837

Cost of

building and

furnishing

per head.

61

Adapted.

41

67
68
65
65
59
87

Charge per
Night.

5d.
6d.

men 6d., women 5d.
5d.

3d. and 5d.

C 3d. and 5d.
5d.

6d.
4d.

5d. or 2 '6 per week.

6d.

6d.

6d. and 7d.

6d., or 3s. week.

6d. or 2s. 9d. week.

6d. or 3s. a week.

Income

AND Expe;

'SES.

Receipts.

Expenses.

Details of Expen

SE3.

Town.

1

Interest

on
Loans.

Repayment

of

Loans.

Workuig
Expenses.

*''-• Insurance

£

£

£

£

£

£ ; £

Aberdeen (2 years)

1.473

2.121

716

inclusive

1,345

inclusive i inclusive

Belfast (3 years)

1,784

1,876

279

169

972

370 i 93

Croydon (1 year)

750

918

223

62

495

62 76

Darwen (lyear)

497

990

225

217

470

19

59

Hudderstic!d(lyear)...

1,055

1.364

124

■ —

657

490

93

Lancaster (3 years) ...

396.

493

100* ■

317

54

22

Leith (1 year)

1,217

1.166

112

200

670

75

107

London-

inclusive

Parker Street

3,208

3.203

776

203

2,224 1

Carriugton House ...

4,044

5,834

1,793

367

3,673 1

Bruce House

7,410

6.621

1.817

346

4 458 1

Manchester (1 year) . . .

3,254

2,719

—

—

1,929

572 218

Salford (4 years)

2.326

2.329

466

—

1,583

256 ! 223

Southampton (1 year)

1,871

2,083

440

88

1,242

52 j 261

* Rent paid to Corporation Committee.

The seven Glasgow lodging houses show receipts £13,282 ; working expenses, £9,237 ;
nett retm-)i, £4,045 ; equal to £3 10s. 9d. per cent, on the original capital outlay.

Other lodging houses have been or are being provided at Blackljurn, Bury, and
Perth.

HOUSING OP THE WORKING CLASSES. 47

Glasgow Municipal Family Home.— The charges have been nioiiified as follows :—

Widower and one child ...
„ two children
„ three

four

five „ ...

... 7s. 4d. per week.

... 86. lOd.
... 10!<. Od.
... lis. 6d,

... 13s. 6d.

These charges include lodging for men and hoard and lodging for children. The tarilf
for board for adults is, breakfast, "isd. ; dinner, 4d. ; t<?a, od. Nurses are provided
without any extra charge.

The average daily number of inmates of the Home, computed for a period of three
months in 1905, was 240, and this may be taken as i-oughly representing a general
average.

The average income for three years was about £"3,000, and tlie average expenditure
was about £3,300.

Block Dwellings. — The favourite type of l:)lock building is lour, live or more storeys
high, and contains tenements of one, two, three, or four rooms, more or less complete
as separate dwellings, packed together and piled itp on a limited area, with no gardens
and no separate yards, but with common passages and staircases, and an al»sence of all
privacy outside the room door.

Each block is generally in charge of a caretaker or superintendent, and the common
passages are sometimes lighted, cleaned, and controlled by him.

These block dwellings consist mainly of two classes: (1) Those which have the
appui-tenances, such as washhouses, sculleries, and w.c.'s, in common for several fami-
lies, and (2) those which have their own separate appurtenances, and are self-contained
in every respect except the approaches.

The following tables give pai-ticulars as to Block Dwellings erected by Large
Towns outside London : —

Name of Council, Date of

Xo.

Rooms in

Rent uer

Cost of

Area of

Estimated

Value of
Site.

Erection, and Situation.

each.

Week.

Building,

Site.

Ireland.

£

Sq. Yards.

£

Dublin-

Montgomery Street and

380

One

2 0 to 3 3

']

Total

Purdon Street

64

Two

3 6 to 4 6

cost

16

Shops

12 6

70,000

Scotland, Part I.

i

Edinburgh—

—

—

—

1

—

—

14.520'
per acre.

(1897) High School Yards

r24

(32

One
Two

27
3 6 to 4 3

'}

10,545

1.310

1,000

(1898) Tynecastle

f24
<.40

One
Two

2 0 to 2 6

3 6 to 4 0

'}

9,015

2,758

1,500

(1900) Tron Sciuare

(97

One
Two

27
3 8 to 3 10

i}

17,877

8.740

5,775

(1901) Portsbnrgh Square

M9
U2
(-34
-53
(. 4

One
Two
One

2 0 to 3 0

3 6
2 6 to 2 11

6,024

1,176

750

(1902) Bedford Crescent

Two

3 10to5 0

[

13,011

4,840

3,630

Three

50

)

(1903) Potter Row

(19
02

One
Two

2 11to3 2
5 10

,}

4.170

1.228

675

Glasgow—

588

One

2,0 to 3 0

L

463,411
inclusive

£1 10 0

Glasgoir Improvements

1,321

Two

3 2 to 5 2

.

to

Arts.

257

Three

5/9 to 7 0

,

_

£6 10 0

16

Four

—

1

—

—

per sfi. yd.

241

Shop.«!

—

'

—

—

Actual cost of land.

48

INTERXATIOXAL HOUSING CONGRESS.

Name of Council, Date of

No.

Rooms in

Rent per

Cost of

Area of

Cost of

Erection, and Situation.

each.

AVeek.

Building.

Site.

Site,

England.

£

Sq. Yards.

£

Artisans' and Labourers',

etc., Bioellings Acts.

Douglas-

66

Pour

4 0, 4 6, 5 -

10,900

2,200

4,800

Liverpool—

(72
36

Two

2,6 to 3 6 -)
3,6 to 4 6 ■
4 9 to 5 6 ;

(1869) St. Martin's Cot-

Three

14,756

3,290

c3,173

tages

(l6

Four

(1885) Victoria Square

21

One

19 -)

3 0 to 4 6 ^

4 9 to 56 )

162

Two

a57,952

9,000

*10,125

86

Three

(22 6 sq.

(1890) Juvenal Street

45

One

2 0 to 2 9 -)

3 6 to 5 3

56 >

J'ard.)

54

Two

113,121

2,538

*3,045

2

Three

(24 0 sq.

Part I.

yard.)

Manchester—

48

One

2 6 to 3,0

60,577

7,779

*5,585

(1894) Oldliam Road

257

Two

3 6 to 5 0

(+97,481)

(No. 2 Block)

(1894) Pollard Street

5

One

2,6

26,220

3.383

*1.691

130

Two

3 0 to 4 0

(t9,546)

Artisans' and Labourers'

etc., Divellings Acts.

Nottinghain—

16

One

13

14,000

2,400

(1875) Victoria Buildings

14
26
16
12

One|
Two i
Three i
Pour i

2 3 to 2 6

2 9 to 4 6

3, 6 to 4 0

50

* Nominal housing valuation. t Actual cost of laud.

a Includes 12 shops. b Includes one shop. c Actual value.

Tenement -Houses (Provinces). — Tenement houses tisually consist of two and tliree-
storey Ijuilding-s arranged in rovrs like ordinary houses, and containing from two to sis
families in each house. They differ from block dwellings in the height and construc-
tion of their main walls, and also in the arrangement of the scullery, store, and w.c,
which are generallj^ part and parcel of each dwelliug, and situated at the back of the
other rooms. They are intermediate between the cottage and the block dwelling, but
as a rale one main entrance serves for several families, who have to use a common back
yard, and for all practical purposes no part of the premises can be considered private
except the actual rooms occupied.

HOUSING OF TIIK WORKING CLASSES.

49

The t'oUowinff table g-ives particulars of the chief municipal tenement houses
dwelling's :^

Hume of Coiuicil, Date of
Erection, and Situation.

No.

Rooms.

Weekly Rent.

Cast of
Building.

Area of

Site.

Cost of
Site.

'

£

Acres.

£

Aberdeen—

46

One

20

15,209

2J

2,700

14 houses, 128 tenements.

70

Two

30

12

Three

36

Sci. yds.

Bii'kenhend—

2

One

2 6

■)

Mason Street & Green Lane

18

Two

4/0 to 46

Y 7,411

767 S

22

Three

4, 6 to 5 0

)

1,060 R.

Getley Street

20

Two

3,0 to 4 2

} 4,272

659 S

8

Three

5,0

275 R

Egerton Street

9
9

Two
Three

46

5-

■ 3,412

1,060

530

Devouport—

23

Two

50 to 56

^

(1899-1902) James Street

16

Three

6,6 to 6,9

j 14,314

2,730

4,929

(1902-3) Ordnance Street

3

Four

7/6

43

Two

3/0 to 5 6

18,486

4.909

10,548

20

Three

6'6 to 6/9

Leicester (1900)

18
24

Two

Three

3 0 to 4 1i

4 0 to 5/1 J

6,804

2.824

1,232

Liverpool—

60

Two

2 3 to 2 9

(1897) Gildart's Gardens

86
2

Two
Three

36

4 6

,

(1904) Gildart's Gardens

31
22

79

One
Two
Three

2,0 to 2/6
2/9 to 3 6
4 0 to 4 6

;- 32,164

1

1

9,003

*5,402

9

Pour

4 6 to 5 3

J

(1901) Drydeuaud Rachel

160

Two

3,0 to 4 0

i

Streets

16

Three

46

26.631

5,943

*3,565

(1902) Kenipstoii Street

6

38

Four
Two

56
3 3 to 3 6

1 17,430

/'Subject
3 Annual
1 Rent
LCharge.

(1903) Kcw Street

30
11

70

Three

Four

Two

50

50

2 9 to 3 6

3,810

34

•Three

3 9 to 4 6

' 19.974

3,897

*2,338

10

Four

50

)

(1902-3) Adliugton Street

48

One

2 3 to 2 9

area

70

135

18

Two

Three

Four

2 9 to 4 0
4 0 to 5 0
4 6 to 6 0

' 42,033
)

10,363

•6.218

(1904) Stanhope Cottages

12

Four

4 6 to 5 3

20
8

Tliree
Two

4 0 to 4 6
2 9 to 3 6

9,712

2,840

* 1,704

20

One

1,9 to 2 6

)

(1904) :\lill Street

15

Four

4 9 to 5 6

'I

Tliree
Two

3, 9 to 4 6
2,9 to 3 6

' 10,513

2,305

♦1,383

19

One

19 to 2 6

(1904) Hornby Street area

170

Two

2 9 to 3 6

1

221
47

Three
Four

4 0 to 4 6
4 6 to 5 3

82.579 0.

25,581

* 15,348

(1906) Hornby Street area

9

One

1 9 to 2 6

)

(1905) Upper JLann Street

46

Two

2 9 to 3 6

i

21

Three

3 6 to 4 6

18,946 6

5,020

•3,012

(1906) Upper JIann Street

21

Four

4 9 to 5 6

(

(1905) Olive Street and

30

Two

2 9 to 3 6

i

Shelley Street

42
12

Three
Four

3 9 to 4 6

4 9 to 5 6

18,574

3,960

'2.376

(1905) Eldon Street

12

Thne

3 9 to 4 6

4,054

413

248

(concrete tenement)

(1909 Combermere Street

g

Two
Three

2,9 to 3 6
3 9 to 4 6

j 9,200

2,053

2,730

(1910) Burlington Street

42

Two

j

54

Three

[ Not fixed

22.000

7,000 1

18,000

Manchester -

13
36

Four
Two

)

4 3 to 4 6

17,941

3,914 1

1

f 1.957
1 (tl4,621>

(1899) Pott Street (three

39

Three

5 0 to 5 6

storey )

3

l'"our

6 0 to 6 3

Chester Street (two storey)

36

'I'wo

46

14,598

4.554

2.227

Olrtliani Road(Xo.2block)

36

Tliree

5 9 to 6 0

16

One

30

Kach 85

!- 4,880

(U5.I41)

32

Two

46

.. 166

2.440

16

Three

59

., 249

(J27.486)

Rochdale Road Tenements

32
32

Two
Three

46
56

]■ 13.349

2,444

1.225

* Housing value of land. t Actual cost of land.

a Including six shops and coal yard.

R. Roads. S,

b Including one shop.

Site.

50

intb:rnatioxal housing congress.

Name of Council, Date of
Kici'tion, nnrt Situation.

No.

Rooms.

Weekly Rent.

Cost of
Building,

Area of

Site.

Cost of

Site.

£

Sci. yds.

A

Norwich—

6

Two

20

|- . 1,800

3

Three

2'6

23 poles

3

Four

3,0

Plymouth

6
12

Three
Two

4/3 to 4 '6
2. 6 to 3,0

Salford-

(1895) Quccu Street

69

Three

46

11,762

2,968

(110,341)

Sheffield—

8

Oue i

3/0

)

(-3,169 S
i 3,445 R

(1901) Crofts Flats

62

Twoi

50

[■ 26,116

5,071

(dwelliugs over shops)

54

Three §

6,0

)

(1907) Crofts Flats

23

34

Oue §
Two i

36
5 0 to 5 6

Suig Hill (1905)

16

2

10

16

Three
Four J
Five i
Six

4 6 to 4 9
6,0 to 6 6
6 0 to 6 3
6 6 to 8 0

2,526

^Vest1)ar (1904)

2

Five

6/0

637

Gihniltar Street (1904)

8

Five

66

1,600

Kelvin Buildings ,,

6

Five

6/6.

2,040

600

Whitehouse ,, ,,

8

Five

66

2,300

730

Wolverhampton

60

Two & Three

2 6 to 30

5,032

3,970

546

J Actual cost of land.

Cottage Flats. — Cottage flats are two-storey, self-contained dwellings, with one upper
flat and one lower flat, somewhat like two-storey tenement houses, but they have
separate access to the street, and are each occupied by only one famil5\ _ Some have
balcony access, but others have separate front doors and back staii's, with separate
yards or gardens.

Name of Council.

No.

Rooms in
each.

Weekly Rent.

Cost of
Building.

Area of
Site.

Cost of
Site.

£

sq. yards.

f

Birmingham-

24

Two

30

10,100

4,030

1,007

Milk Street

28

Three

46

including

5

Three

56

roads.

4

Four

5 0 to 11 0

Brentford—

14

Two J

50

427

1.733

960

Starnage Road

14

Three i

60

double flat.

Brighton-

6

Three

5/0

342

part of 4 ac.

May Road

6

Four

5 0 to 5 6

double flat.

—

Gift.

Tillstone Street

20-

Five

8 0

453
double flat.

1,750

350 R

Carlisle

30

Two

26

5,700

2,100

667

10

Three

30

Roads, &c.

Dublin—

65

Oue

1 6 to 2 0

) Total

cost
) 26,500

Benburb Street

65

Two

3 0 to 4 0

9

5

Three
Shops

4 6 to 5/0

Bow Lane

76

Two

2 0 to 3 6

—

—

5

Three

4 0 to 4 6

—

—

Blackball Place

65

Two

3 0 to 4 0

^ Total

15

. Cottages

76

Y cost

—

5

Shops

—

) 13,000

St. Joseph's Place

80

Dwellings

46

26,000

—

St. Bride's Alley

138

Dwellings

67

—

Ealing

36

Three

5 6 to 6 0

—

—

—

East Ham-

50

Three §

6 6

360

178

50 to 60

Savage Gardens

102

Four i

6 9 to 7 0

to

double flat.

double fiat..

Brooks Avenue

80

Four 1

69 to 7,0

400

—

—

Hornsey—

24

Two i

6 0

3,936

2,600

1,000

Highgate

per acre.

Liverpool—

24

Two

40 to 5 0

'■ 6.254

2,214

*1,328

Arley Street

22

Three

5 0 to 5 9

Newcastle-upon-Tyne

14
112

One
Two

2 6 to 3/0

4 3 to 4 9

]■ 19.092

10,464

4,696 S.R.
2.500

Newcastle

72

Oue

36

7,440

1,663

C.R. £30

Plymouth-

66

Two

4/0 to 5 0

1 33,000

4,400

4,900*

Prince Rock

64

Three

5 0 to 60

Looe Street

97
12
22

Two

Three

One

3,9 to 50

56
2 0 to 2 3

j 30,000

Richmond, Surrey-

6

Three J

56

1,932

1,600

250

Manor Grove

6

Two J

46

* Housing value of land.

R, Roads.

S, Site

HOUSING OF THR ■WORKING CLASSES.

Name of Council.

No.

Rooms
iu each.

"Weekly Rent.

Cost of
Building.

i Area of
Site.

Cost of
Site.

,fi

sq, yards.

£

Shefaekl

6

Two J

40

High Wincobauk

6

Three J

4 3

Stretford

24

Two

3 3 to 3 9

5,912

4.117

34

16

Three

46

per annum.

Swansea (1910)

44

Four

4,9 to 5/-

300

10,700

Corporate
Estate.

West Ham—

Bethell Aveuue

27
27

Three J
Three S

6 0 to 6 9
6 6 to 7 3

] 13,6C0

4,229

1,360

Corporation Street

45
45

Three |
Four*
Two J
Three i

66
70

j 23,927

' 9,182

3,333

Eve Road

40
40

6,0
66

1 15,409

7,176

2.675

Invicta Road

27

Two§

56

\

Reudel'Road

27
9

9

Three J
Twoi
Three §

66
56
6/6

j- 13,728

5,697

2,390

TV ise Road

47

] Three §

70

^

,,

47

7 0

5- 27,454

10,190

Leasehold.

(siugle houses)

11

FiveJ

10 6

)

Note.— In the case of Brentford, East Ham, and West Ham, the actual cost of the site is given.
Roads and sewers cost Stretford £517 ; West Ham (Bethell Avenue) £539 : (Corporation Street) £730.
Eve Road £611.

Cottages (Provinces). — These are provided in the shape of two-storey, self-contained
dwellings on separate sites, occupied by only one family, and provided as a rule with
that greatly appreciated appurtenance — a separate yard or garden.

The cost of constniction per room is less than that of any other t5'-pe of dwelling
occupied by workmen. The following table gives particulars as to 3,678 cottage
dwellings, containing 17,199 rooms, erected by various municipalities: —

Cost of

Cost of

Rooms in

Rent per

Building

Area of

Site.

Name of Council.

No.

each.

week.

each
Cottage.

Site.

Roads,
etc.

£

£

Aberystwith

24

Five

4 6 exclusive

180

i acre.

( C.R. 30
1 168 R

Do.

18

Four

4 6 inclusive

153

c

4

Two

30

C 56 S
I 240 R

Altrincham J.

4

Four

46

158

1 acre.

I

18

Four

49

Bangor [

34
9

Four
Seven

4 0 to 5 6
70 to 78

j 154

1 acre.

{ 1,580 S
I 324 U

Barking Town f

85

Four i

6 3 to 6 6

200

3 acres.

)' 1.365 S
I 1.782 l{

72

Four

56

147

2J acres.

975 S, 711 II

(

11

Four i

79

240

—

—

Barnes— J

14

Four i

•^3

208

—

1.600 S

IMortlake 1

21

Four i

70

225

2i acres.

960 H

(

21

Five i

83

247

yds.

Birkenhead

18

Five i

6 6 to 7 6

553

1,004 SR

Birmingham-

t

Ryder Street

22

Five

5 6 to 6 6

182

2.100

5.000 SR

Lawrence Street

81

Five

5 0 to 6 3

175

7.066

16,000 S R

Bognor

2

Five J

5 6 to 5 9

225

968

66

Bradford

66

Four J

5,6

245 inclusive

10,268 yards

2,091 S

Brighton

St. Helen's Road

31

Five J

76

272

part of
4 acres.

(iift S
293 R

Dewe Road

30

Four

66

201

4,684 sq.yds

374 R

May Road

25

Five

6 6 to Ti-

243

part of 4 ac.

—

Tillstone Street

30

Six

ne

294

4,911 sq.yds

706 R

Burton-on-Treut

50

Five

53

180

5i acres.

175 S

38

Four & Five

50 & 56

160

—

per amunu
1.850 R

•^Chester

12

Four

46

180 inclusive

—

—

Cloumel—

38

Four

2 0 to 2 6

156

3J acres

SCO

(Ireland)

10

Five

52

195

—

—

•Croydon

12

Five i

11 0 to 13 0

• 294

—

1.950

46

Five 1

7 9 to 8 0

250

3J acres.

1.516 S

40

Three J

6 6

190

—

2.122 R

1 shop

Fivei

16,6 & taxes

450

—

—

Danven

6

F\)ur

49

185

6,300 sq.jds

35 S

14

Four h

6 6 to 7 0

244

—

per acre

11

Five 1

76

280

—

35 R

11

Six J

8 0

300

—

S, Site. R, Roads. C.R.. Chief Rent.

r.2

[XTERXATIONAL HOUSING CONGRESS

COM. (U

HJM Ol

No.

Rooms in

Rent per

Building

Area of

Sites.

Name of Council.

each.

week.

each

Sit*-.

Road,

Cottage.

etc.

Ealing

103

Five J

7/6 to 10/

*£32,000

5 acres

t£4,000 S
2,500 R

East Griu.stead

18

Five

70

226

1 a<ne.

412 S

Eccles

46

Six

6,6 to 7 0

258

7,308

C.R.£6018s

12

Six

8,6

, 250

—

845 R

Eritli

{

24
24

Four i
Five i

76
86

239
260

2 acres

2,310

Esher

10

Four

60

220

1 acre

300 S

Exeter

49

Four i

5 0

156

—

f 860 S
t 1,587 R

Parnham

10
10

Four
Five

4;6 I

60 )

181 inclusive

-

-

(

12

Three

59

180

4| acres

1.850 S

Finchley

12
18

Pour
Five

76
86

230

252

z

2,000 R

{

18

Six

10 6

288

—

Folkei^tone

50

Five i

8 0 86

305

2 acres

( 1,130 S
I 1,071 R

Grays (Essex)

25

Five J

76

210

24 acres

449

Guildford

10

Five

66

^ 200

part of

( 1,700 S
I 400 R

8

Six

76

4 acres.

Heston (Isleworth)

8

Four

5,9

—

7

Five

6 9

218

1"03 acres.

1,289 G R

7

Six

83

—

Hereford

21

Five

4 6 to 5 0

190

1,682 sq. yds

3,515 S,400R

Hornsey

{

68

Five J

86

249

4J acres

2.738 S

40

Four §

66

217

—

2,060 R

Highgate

{

12
24

Five i
Four i

9/0
76

2 acres

2,000 S

(

36

Three §

6 6

210

■ 6 acres.

Hornsey —

38

Four 4

80

260

3,600

2nd Scheme, 1904

1

40

FiveJ

9 6

310

26

Sixi

113

360

Huddersfield

157

Four

4/8. to 5,6

170

3 acres

187 S
per aimum
2.198 R

Keighley

24

Four i

5,6 to 5 9

219

i acre

718 S, 468 R

Leeds— Derwent Avenue

10

Five

59

204

—

441 S

Leigh (Lauc.)—

sq. yds.

Piatt Street and

14

Four i

56

202

1,650

880 S

Organ Street

20

Four i

5 6

185

1.990

379 R

Linthwaite

4

Four 1

3 6

225

48S
per annum
289 R

Llandudno

19

Four *

76

212

2,250

562 S

32

Three to Eight

5,0 to 10 0

143 to 274

13,940

( 1,463 S
I 1,926 R

Manchester-

Miles Platting

1

60
22

Four i
Five

56
70

220
255

7,011
6,158

f 2,711 S

I 1.419R

2.117

(

40

Five

70

257

5.847

2,010

George Leigh Cottages

18

Five

7 9

327

2,910

( 1.455 S
(. 325 R

Blackley Estate

94

Four

6 4 to 7 0

239

8g acres

—

56

Five

79

—

—

—

Merthyr Tydfil

100

Five
Four (1 being

53

J

171

(

18.580

140

sq. yd#.

Included in
cost of house

..

H

bathroom and

scullery

combined)

\ -

145 I

per house
exclusive
of roads

1 Ditto ,

,, ,,

50

Ditto

43

148

200 yds.

Ditto

Middlesbrough

5

Four

50

173

552

f 37 per
133 cottage

12

Four

50

204

1,172

335
( 20 S

(

18

Four

46

141

j 2J acres

per house
! 17 R
■| per house

1 20 S

Neath

1

1

21
22

Four
Five

40
56

121

175

I 17 R

Newcastle—
(Walker Estate)

I

4

4

. 4

Three

Four

Five

69 )
7 9 *
89 )

1 2,800

3,910 sq.yds

-

Nottingham-

( 71 per

Coppice Road

100

Five i

6 3 to 6 9

266

7,973

■j cottage
(, inclusive.

Prescot (1903-4)

{

33

5

Four
Five

46
5 6 to 5,9

150

—

—

Plymouth

f

14

Five

80

—

part of

— •

I

13

Four

7 0 to 8 0

-

27i acres

—

* These flgiu-es include the cost
kitchen, scullery, and two bedroom*.

of site and building of 18
t Only part of site utilised.

double cottage flats, each containing
S,Site. U, Roads. C.R., Chief Bent.

HOUSING OF THE WORKING CLASSES.

1

ost of

Cost of

>»'ame of Conncil.

No.

1 Rooms in

Rent per

Building

: Area of

Sites.

each.

week.

each
Cottage.

1 Site.

; Road,
etc.

Uhyl

Hichnioiul (Surrey) , 1894

12
28

Four 1

5 6 to 7 6

6 0 to 6 3

£

230
186

j
5§ acres

250
\' 4.100 S

1894 ,

22

Six J

7 6 to 8 0

252

1 i 1.857 R

1899 1

14

Four i

6 3 to 6 6

239

„ , ^laiior Grove

16

Five i

73

243

1

t

40

Six J

79

275

1905 '

2

Five J

76

302

i ~

1

Six

80

332

1
1

j

1908 North Road
Rise a

Salford (1900)—

40

50
48

Four J

Six & bath
Six & bath

79

60
5 6

225

215
176

1 If acres
9,200 yds.

1 f 3,121 S
! I 320 R
,£-5610s.C.R.
340 R

Hopwood Street

36

Four

62

174

-

( 7,466 S
> 678 R

IJarracks Site

108

Four

5 11 to 6 3

1

lOi acres

58.500

122

Five

7 0 to 8 0

87

Six

90 to 93

\ _

Seaford Road

210

Four

5 11 to 6 9

1 170

'

11

Five

7 0 to 7 3

5,' acres

; 8,434 S

7

Six

8 0 to 9 3

)

(. 5.142 R

Springfield Lane

49

Four

35 at 6 2

1

2

Five

14 at 6 3

_

■ 5,034 yds.

—

Sheffield (1905)—

1 at 6 9 1 at 70

High W'iucobauk

43

Four 1

5 0 to 8 6

202

part of

13.000 for

76

I Five 4

7 0 to 7 6

126

60 acres

(JO acres

41

Five

6 6 to 7 3

210

2

Third i

6 0 to 6 6

6

Four 4

6 3 to 7 6

__

26

Five f

7 3

Exhibition Cottages

8

Six§

7 3 to 8 6

_

__

2

Seveu

10 0

Button Lane

2

Four

5 3 to 5 6

] 205

237

1 186

5

Five

6 0 to 6 6

445 yds.

445 S

I-everton Street
Edmund Road

3
11
59

Five
Four i
Fivei

60

233 yds.
8,200

233 S
(■ 5.994 S
i 1.615 R

Hand's Lane
Southend-ou-Sea

20
40

Five
Four & six

66
7 5 to 8 6

255
2%

3.176 sq. yds
part of Sacs.

1.900
2,670

Southgate
Southwold
Stafford

12
16
6

Five J
Five h
Four

6 6 to 8 0
40
43

250

150

» 198

J acre

3,000 sq.yds

7,168i

250 S
Perj)etual

34

Five

46

* 14

sup. yds.

chief rent
t32 4s. 6d.

Stanley

per annum

Council Street
Stretford

24
40

Four & bath
Five i

60
50

218
174

2,160
8,420 sq.yds

540
1.564 S

Swansea—

893 R

(1902)
(1906-7)

4
33

Five

Six

66
6 6

260
209

-

Corporate
Estate

(1909-10) 1

4

Four

6-

160

do.

(190910)

4
54

Six

Five 1

8-
56

220
180

9,400

do.
do

"Wellington
Wexford

16

78

Fivel 1
Four 1

5 0
1 10 to 4 0

198
111

1.200

Whitley Tipper

6

Five

4 4J I

223

Nil

Wigau

14

Five

5 0 to 5 6 1

inclusive.
160

Workington
Wrothani

18
12

Four
Six

5 6

60 !

161
246

1.704
IJ

640 S R
s 150 S

Rural Councils.

J

1

L 170 U

Linton (Oanil)s.) Scheme
Maldou (Essex) —

10 !

Five

26

130

2 J acres.

165

(1905) Bradwell ,

3Ialpas

Sevenoaks (Kent)

(1900) Penshur.st f
(1893) (

6
12
6
6
8

Five
Five
Five i
Five i
Four §

36
39
50
4,6 to 4 9 ,
4 0

241
188
263

1 232 1

1 acre.
1 f'r acres.
3 acre.

1 acre, j

45 S

108

130

45 5s.

?rouuii rent

1{, llGrd

C.R., Chirf Rent.

Financial Results of Schemes for Municipal Dwellings.— Appen.lo.l an- two tuhhs
g'lviiig- some returns as to tlie tinaucial working- of a iiiiuiher of municipal ilwellniffs-
showing the period of accounts averaged, the caj)ital outhiv. receipts, workiu"- exix-nses'
and nett return per cent, on outlay— that is to say. tlie percentage that would' be left
tor distribution it the dwellings were run as ordinary commercial uiidertakinics liaviii^

54

INTERNATIONAL HOUSING CONGRESS,

lo pay ilivitlends to sharelioklers. As the rate of interei^t on loans was in most cases
from 3 to ;5i per cent., it Avill be seen that the first group may be considered self-
supporting, but the last group (dwellings on slum sites) shows a total deficiency of one
per cent, per annum, in addition to the capital loss cause<;I by writing down the costly
slum sites to "housing valuation."

Details of Capital, Revenue, and Expenditure.
I. — Cottages and Cottage Flats hiiilt in Urban Districts and Boroii.glis.

Council and Period of
Accounts Averaged.

Capital
Outlay.

Rents
Received.

Working Expenses.

Rates,

Taxes,

Water, and

Insurance.

Repairs,

Lighting,

and

Maintenance,

Total ^ctt Re-
Superinten- Workiue , ^^^^ P^"-
' dent and Expeusel ' """^ ""
i Sundries. ;

cent, on
outlay.

Aberdeen, 5 years '

Aberystwyth, 1 year

Altrinchaiu, 2 years ...\

Barking Town— :

King Edward Rd., 6 yrs'
Howard Road, 2 year s >

Barnes, 5 years I

Brentford, 2 years ...|

Brighton—
St. Helen's Road, 5 yrs
Dewe Road . 5 years ...
May Road , 4 years
Tillstone Street, 3 years
Elm Grove, 3 years

Baitou-ou-Trent, 5 years.

Chester, 3 years \

Clonmel, 1 year :

Croydon, 2 years

Devizes, 2 years

East Ham, 2 years

Erith, 5 years

Esher, 7 years

Exeter, 2 years

Earnham, 2 years

Finchley, 2 year

Folkestone, 8 years

Grays, 2 years

Guildford, 1 year

Hampton, 2 years

Heston, Isleworth, 1 year

Hornsey, 1 year

Huddersfleld, 17 years ...

Leigh, 2 years

Leith.2years

Llandudno, 2 years

Manchester—
Blackley Estate, 2 years

Maldon, 2 years

Merthyr Tydfil, 2 years.

Plymouth, 5 years

Prescot, 3 years

Rathmines, 2 years ...i

Richmond—

(: Manor Grove, 9 years...

Salford—
Barrack Site, 2 years ...
Seaford Road, 2 years

Sheffield, 2 years

Southeud-on-Sea, 5 years

Southgate, 2 years

Southwold, 3 years

Stafford, 3 years

Stanley. 2 yeai-s

West Ham —
Bethell Avenue, 3 years
Corporation Street, Syrs;
Eve Road. 3 years
Wise Road, 3 years ...
Invicta and Reudel
Roads, 3 years
Workington, 1 year

Wrotham, 1 year

£
18,213
■4,100

4,290

20,168
14,386
18,900
6,950

£

900
256
300

1,435

1,023

1,045

376

12,373

638

14,440

1,013

45,315

2,470

1,450

54

17,064

1.394

45,781

2,122

4,120

433

42,046

2.905

38,702

2,448

144.010

7.173

43,438

3.638

6.104

325

14,492

692

3,275

226

2,735

152

7.900

464

5,288

371

14.960

902

27.260

1.106

18.084

1.189

27,454

2,085

16.118

1.030

3.534

254

3.058

187

£
116

430

196

280

85

8,758

539

124

6,845

471

128

8,790

478

121

18,742

1.136

292

2.838

132

56

18,140

1,066

443

2,160

139

34

8,000

284

—

32,012

1,654

376

2,231

169

44

48,000

3,164

998

15,802

751

264

2,496

156

23

10,396

615

129

3,628

260

72

18.686

1.322

344

17.424

1.049

263

5,910

448

140

5,742

330

85

15.397

1,016

176

6,389

360

109

94,485

6,552

1,700

28.945

1,942

694

8,063

1 486

132

12,373

638

178

14,440

1,013

275

822
13

375

604
90

630

542

1,956

1.045

101

262

54

19

179

62

241
384
327
844

236
44
56

£

103

45

2

180
55

104
20

78

73

56
105

43

166

7

26
207

19

384

136

6

121

38

50
145

35
5
110
122
613
116

53
112

76

298

4

138

236

61

90

230

734
504
14
50
31
6
26

96
163
125
201

122
2

30

22

6

10

14

13

16

29

8

4

2

26
5
30
15
2
13
12
14

68

29

99
22

122
18
65
%
26

292

71

257
121

£
262

65
100

640
273
390
115

1,242

35

578

936

177

1,012

843

2.947
1.670
115
322
85
32
211

368

602

501

1.133

446
52
119

£

3-50
4-66
3'69

3-95
5-20
3-46
375

216

3-69

214

3-75

193

3-24

426

3-79

87

1-59

613

2-50

43

4-55

26

3-22

609

3-27

68

4'53

1,512

3'44

415

2-12

31

4'25

253

3-46

122

3'55

408

4-90

413

3-65

177

4-57

90

4-14

289

4-71

231

3-61

2,381

4-41

810

3-90

214

3-40

389

3-10

373

4-44

2-72
2-50
4-80
259
4-19
4-50

4-14

2-93
450
3 44
2-60
4-30
4-44
3-20
4-33

3-57
1-85
3-80
3-46

3-62
570
2-26

* Including Ground Rent, £-175. + Special Repairs.

Slight discrepancy between total working expenses and total of separate items is due to use of round figures.
N.B.— In nearly every one of tlie above cases land is charged to capital outlay at its full value.

HOUSING OF THE WORKING CLASSES. i

II. — Bttildings on Slum Sites, viainly block divellings, tenements and flats, in
connpftinn v:ith such schemes under Pajis I. oauI II.

Capital
Outlay.

Rents
Received.

Working Expeus

;s.

Total
Working

Ccuucil and Period of
AL-couuts Averaged.

Rates,

Taxes,

Water, and

Repairs,

Lighting,

and

Superinten-
dent and

Nett Re-
tuni per
cent, on

Insurance.

Maintenance.

Sundries.

Expenses

outlay.

Bath—

£

£

f

£,

£

£

£

Lampard'e; Itldgs, 1 yr.

16.700

459

103

62

23

188

1-62

Dolemead"s DwUgs,! yr

10.500

490

144

82

25

251

2-28

Birkenhead, 1 year

26,913

1,128

203

95

42

340

2-92

Binuiughaiii

Ryder Street, 4 years...

5,000

343

65

55

10

130

4-26

Laurence Street, 4 yi-s. .

17,500

1,280

232

387

24

643

3-64

Milk Street, 4 years ...

16,100

608

128

94

16

238

2-24

Bradford, 2 years

19,033

997

203

250

5

458

2-84

Carlisle, 2 years

5,700

112

25

150

1

176

—

Devonport—

James Street, 5 years...

19,243

721

161

127

—

288

2-20

Orduauce Street, 4 years

29,034

910

218

136

—

354

1-92

Douglas, 1 year

15,629

743

173

34

—

207

3-48

Di-ogheda, 1 year

5,000

214

45

11

56

316

Ecdes, 1 year

12,698

764

292

30

12

334

3-38

Edinburgh— South Back

of Canougate, 1 year

3,145

119

19

6

12

37

261

Cowgate and High

School Yards, 1 year

11,545

549

80

68

36

184

3-16

JIcLeod Street, Tyue-

castle, 1 year

10.515

469

73

26

55

154

2-99

Tron Square, 1 year ...

23,652

772

147

122

112

381

1-65

Bedford Crescent, Allan

Street, &c., 1 year ...

16.641

643

100

102

162

364

1-68

Portsburgh Sqnare.ll yr

6.774

347

49

42

26

117

3 39

Potter Row, 1 year ...

4.845

222

40

36

17

93

2 64

PipeSt.,Portobello,lyr

12,078

425

101

51

51

203

1-84

Church Place, Saunders

Street, &c., 1 year ..

2.926

154

46

42

18

106

1-64

Greenside, 1 year

22.210

785

244

109

75

428

1-61

Robertson's Close, 1 yr.

1,725

94

16

12

7

35

342

Hereford, 3 years

7,820

251

52

21

—

73

2-28

Leicester, 7 years

8,036

445

117

79

19

215

2-87

Liverpoolt —

St. ;jLirtin's Cotgs. 39 yrs

17,928

1,125

208

582

59

849

3-16

A'ictoriii Sfiuare, 22 yrs

68,077

2,994

553

766

127

1,446

2-39

Juvenal Street. 18 years

16,166

360

141

271

38

450

3-06

Arley Street. 11 years .

7,583

452

104

62

17

183

4-22

Gildart's (irdns., 11 yrs.

37,558

1,672

350

305

86

741

2-44

Dryden stie.-t, 7 years.

30,196

1,351

270

362

98

730

2-41

Kenipston Street, 6 yrs

28,492

747

156

138

30

324

V60

Kew Street, 6 years ..

22,312

593

196

157

25

378

1-51

Adlingtou Street, 5 yrs

48,250

2,533

511

350

107

968

306

Stanhope Cottges,4yrs

11,408

471

103

98

23

224

2-14

Mill Street, 4 years ...

11,896

319

99

87

14

200

0 87

Hornby Street. 1 year..

97,927

4,092

879

672

230

1.781

2 35

Eldon Street, 5 years ...

4,302

120

25

13

6

44

1.82

Clive Street and Shelley

Street, 3 years

20.950

611

160

106

36

302

i-4a

TpperManii Street,2yis

21.958

662

174

111

40

321

1-57

Manchester-

Oldham Road (1)

32.174

1,849

324

345

36

705

3-55

Oldham Road (2)

66,162

3.101

714

715

239

1.668

2-17

Pollard Street

27.911

1.065

284

342

199

825

0-8S

Chester Street

16,875

962

253

352

64

649

1-85

Pott Street

19.898

911

236

325

33

594

1-59

Rochdale Roiul

14,574

922

181

256

38

445

3-27

Norwich, 2 years

1,800

73

27

18

—

45

VcO

Plymouth—

HowSt. &LooeSt.,2yrs

62.146

1.370

431

214

77

722

1C4

Salford—

Queen Street, 2 years ...

22,103

729

210

142

52

404

1-47

Hopwood Street, 2 yrs.

14,324

560

250

26

—

276

2-00

Southampton—

Artisans'Dwelliugs,3jTs

9.961

298

119

69

—

186

112

Cottages, 1 year

17.387

1,189

295

14

17

456

420

Sunderland, 2 years

32.180

682

206

66

89

361

112

Stretf ord , 2 y cars

5.913

400

88

50

12

150

424

Wolverhampton, 2 years.

5,578

336

85

23

21-

129

370

Yarmouth (Great). 4 yrs

2,500

153

40

10

50

4-12

Slight discrepancy between totalworkingexpensesand total of separate items

N.H.— In most of the above cases land is only charged to capital outlay

+ The percentages and the detailed figures in Liverpool refer to d

p due to use of roiuid figures
at housing valuation,
itt'erent periods.

t>6 INTEKNATIOXAL HOUSING CONGRESS.

NOTES AND GENERAL INFORMATION AS TO PROVINCIAL

TOWNS.

Aberavon. — Scheme prepared for 24 hoiiisesat G.s. per week, cosjiiiig- £165 each, on site
costing- £'o22 ; but strong-lj^ opposed by various interests, l)ut not carried out.

Altrincham. — Scheme completed. 1907. Land was obtained at nominal cost.

Barnes. — The houses are all tenanted and continue to be extremely popiilar.

Bath. — Dolemeads Dwellings have been erected in a low-lying district on the river
level. There are 42 houses erected on what was formerly a very iinhealthy district,
being subject to serious floods occasionally. The site has, at a cost of about £'10,500,
been raised above flood level and 42 houses erected thereon, which are all tenanted by
the working classes. The i-ents are collected weekly, no arrears being allowed, and
although somewhat costly a vast improvement has been efliected. The Local Govern-
ment Board has approved of a further outlay of £10,000 in this district, upon similar
dwellings and a street widening connected therewith. The erection of the buildings is
now in progress.

Birkenhead.— Bought 1.798 yards of land for £1,573, and paid £1,138 for a portion
of this for new municipal houses, which are now in course of erection.

Birmingham. — The capital expenditui-e in Bii-mingham under the Housing Act
amounts to £34,100, the receipts to £2,1-55, the working expenses to £750, and the
loan charges to £1,336. The new houses more than pay their way, the extra charge
being in respect of cost of site. In 1900 the Council bought 17 acres of land at
Bordesley Green, three miles from the centre of the city, to meet a reported deficiency
in the cottage supply. The Council decided, however, in 1902, not to Ijuild on this
land, Inrt to lease it if possible to private enterprise to provide workmen's dwellings
thereon. The land has been leased, with the sanction of the Local Government Board,
to the Ideal Benefit Building Society at a rental of nothing the first year, £200 the
second year, and £400 per anniim thereafter, the society to build not more than 22
houses to the acre, and the Corporation to contribute £4,000 to the cost of the roads.
There will be a subsidy from the rates for the first 21 years, btit not afterwards.
Since 1902 to December, 1909, under Part II., 2,327 houses which were "unfit" have
been rendered habitable ; 2,007 closing oi-ders have been obtained, and in December,
1909, 335 houses were undergoing repairs ; 1,687 houses have been demolished, and 45
converted to workshops ; 129 courts were opened to the street by the removal of 207
houses, at a cost to the Corporation of £8,672 10s. for compensation.

Bradford. — Sixty-six workmen's dwelliiigs, as an instalment towards the provision of
accommodation at a distance for the persons to be displaced from an insanitary area,
have been built and occupied. Building cost 4sd. per foot cube. Five blocks of
tenements are in course of erection on part of the cleared area, and are approacliing
completion.

Brighton. — Some of the cleared area was sold under a condition that working-class
dwellings should be erected. Thirty cottages and ten double tenements have been thus
provided.

Camberley. — In 1907 a scheme was under consideration in the face of considerable
opposition, for leasing :!i acres of the Crown lands, off King's Ride, at £12 per acre,
and building only eight houses to the acre, at a cost of £200 each, to be let at 6s. 6d.
per week. The matter at present is in abeyance.

Carlisle. — Receipts from dwellings, £118 ; working expenses, £225. £43 has been
spent on street formation during the year, and is included in the expenses above. The
net working expenses are virtually £113.

Chelmsford. — Some years ago seven houses of an inferior type, dilapidated and
out-of-date, were purchased provisionally by the Town Council for £495, with a view-
to their adaptation under Section 57, Part III., of the Act of 1890. but the Local
Government Board advised the Council not to spend the money in this way on such
bad property, but rather to erect new tenements or cottages. The purchase was not
completed. The question of erecting houses for the working class has been frequently
under consideration, biit a scheme has not been adopted

Chester. — The Housing Committee has approved of a scheme to build on Corporation
land the following houses : 8 one-bedroom houses at 2s. 6d. per week; 16 two-bedroom
houses at 3s. 3d. per week ; 4 three-bedroom houses at 3s. 6d. per week. Tenants earn
less than 25s. a week. The Council has approved the principle of meeting the
deficiency arising from the excess of expenditure over income out of the rates. The
Medical Officer of Health having reported the site on which it was proposed to erect
the houses to be unsuitable for domestic buildings, the Committee abandoned the site,.
and is now awaiting reports upon other available sites.

HOUSING OF THE WORKING CLASSES. 0/

Chiswick. — Twenty houses have been built at Strand-on-the-Green in two blocks,
10 houses A\dth 19ft. frontage, costing £100 each, and 10 with 18ft. frontage, costing
£365 each, the land and roads costing £'97o. The vents are 4s. 9d., 5s. 3d., 5s. 9d„
and 6s. 3d. each. Twenty-nine houses at Powell Road have been purchased and
thoroughly overhauletl, at a total cost of £10,500. Each house contains two flats of
three rooms each, wdth separate w.c, the tenants having the joint use of the yard at
the rear. Rent, 6s. each flat.

Coventry. — The Council has completed two blocks of houses in different pai-ts of
the town, viz. : —

(1) A block of 48 self-contained houses at Narrow Lane, about one mile and a half
from the centre of the city, containing the following accommodation : — Ground floor —
Large living room, bath room, scullery, pantry, coal-place, and w.c. ; first floor — three
bedrooms. The total area of the site is 8,302 square yards, and a sum of Is. 2id._ has
been allowed for the land taken (this being already the property of the Corporation).
The houses are estimated to cost £200 each. The rents are 5s. 6d. per week. (2) A
block of 22 tenements, on the dual-tenement system, at Shoil Street, near the centre
of the city. Eleven tenements are on the ground floor and 11 oji the first floor. The
accommodation in each consists of a living room, bedroom. l)athroom. scullery, with
moveable bath, pantry, and w.c. The total area of the site is 1,262 square yards, and
10s. per yard has been alloAved for this (the land being already the property of the
Corporation). The estimated cost of each tenement is £150. The rents are 4s. 3d.
per week.

Croydon. — Additional land not yet utilised has been purchased at a cost of £4,550
for the erection of cottages. Cost per foot cube of 86 cottages was 7d.

Devizes. — In addition to letting out 54 building plots, the Council has built 12
cottages on Corporation property, under the provisions of the Housing of the Working
Classes Acts, which cottages have been occupied since March, 1907. The total cost of
erection, including laying out site, works out at, approxinuitely. £18ti per cottao'e,
exclusive of value of site, for which a ground rent of £6 6fi. is charged. Ten of the
cottages are let at 5s. 6d. per week, and the other two at 6s., and if these rents can be
maintained it is expected tliat they will be self-supporting. .Since the sj)ring of the
3-ear 1908 a number of cottages have been erected l)y speculative builders upon a
property on the outskirts of the borough, which has recently come into the market
and been sold in small plots, it is foiind that several plots of land originally leased to
workmen occupiers have now got into other hands, owing to the workmen lea\'ing the
town, but recently a fair percentage of persons of the artisan class appear to be
acquiring the freehold of their houses, in many instances with the aid of Imilding
societies.

Devonport. — The Coimcil has erected three shops and 105 houses, let at rents of 3s. to
7s. 8d. per week. The capital expenditui-e, including cost of cleared sites, has been
£48,277 ; receipts, £1,623 ; working expenses, £685, giving a nett return of £9.38 towards
loan charges of £1,887. The Ordnance Sti-eet scheme is completed.

Ealing. — Of an estate of 62 acres, five acres have been covered by the erection of
103 cottages and 36 flats, at a total outlay of £40,000. The total gross rental is £2,772
per annum. The flats have two bedrooms, kitchen, and scullery, and are let at 5s. 6d.
and 6s. per week.

Edmonton. — Eighteen acres of land have' been acquired, partly for a depot and
possibly for the erection of five-room cottages, with bath and scuUei-^'. on plots 80ft.
by 15ft. No scheme, however, has been adopted, and the land is now used for
temporary allotments.

Finchley. — Sixty cottages are now erected, and there is land, part of the site, divided
into 30 plots and let in allotments.

Flockton (U.D.C., population 1,280).— Out of 259 houses in this district, only 100
have more than two rooms, and the Council has appropriated, for building six houses
under Part III., a portion of four acres of land acquired for a sewage scheiiie. at a cost
of £66 per acre. The six houses, exclusive of the site, have cost £975. 'L'he rents are
3s. 6d. per week, producing £54 12s. per annum. The sanction of the Local Govern-
ment Board has been oljtained (1909) for the erection of a ftirther six houses, at an
estimated cost of £1,000, exclusive of the site.

Hampton. — After a very full investigation by accountants ;nid a sjieeial .•onunittee,
at the instance of hostile critics, it has been oflicially decide.l that these iiiuiii(ii)al
cottages pay their way, and are no charge upon the rates.*

58 INTERNATIONAL HOUSING CONGRESS.

Hendon. — The Council offered a prize of £20 for a <lesign for cheap cottages, not
to excetul (id. per foot cube, and adopted the plans of Mr. Honiblow. A scheme is
going forward for the erection of houses on five acres of land, forming part of the
present Child's Hill allotments, to be Ijought from the Ecclesiastical Commissioners
for £2,:)80, in addition to an expenditure of £2,610 'on roads, or a total cost of £-i,990.
The estimated cost of 34 houses, with loft, frontage and 120 houses with loft, frontage
is £34,980, making altogether £39,970 for land, roads, and buildings for 150 cottages,
with rents at 8s. to 8s. 6d. per week, or £3,276 per annum. The scheme to be self-
supporting.

Hereford. — It was reported to the Council, after inquiry, that there was only one
empty cottage in the town below 5s. a week, and a scheme was approved by the Local
Government Board for the adoption of Part III., and the Council purchased nine acres
of land, near Barr's Court Railway Station. The estimated cost is — land £1,500, law
costs £'100, roads and sewers £700; total, £2,300.

Heston and Isleworth. — Twenty-two cottages are built, and there is land available
for ;!0 more hoiises.

Hornsey. — One hundi-ed and forty-four cottages and 24 flats have been erected for
some time, and 140 houses fitted with Conies' s combination bath, wei'e completed in

1904. The cost per foot cube was class A 6d., class B 6Td., and class D 6gd.
The complete Hornsey schemes, including 308 cottages costing £94,485, showed in

1905, receipts £6,552, working expenses £2,391, gross profit £4,161, equivalent to 4 2-5
per cent, on outla3^ Rates, taxes, and water are estimated in the new scheme at
22 per cent, of the gross rental. Empties and repairs at 10 per cent.

The borough engineer, Mr. E. J. Lovegrove, advocates very strongly the principle of
the four-class scheme carried out in Hornsey, ^\hereby a certain percentage of the
houses, rather larger and better than the ordinary cottages, are let at such fairly high
rents as lis. 3d. per week, thus facilitating the supply of a cheap cottage for 6s. 6d. per
week, giving combined living and sitting room, scullery, bath (hot and cold water),
larder, w.c, coal-hoiise, and two bedrooms, with a front and back garden — accommoda-
tion at a rental not to be found elsewhere in London. It also appears that even those
higher-rented cottages were taken up liy working men of small wage but with wage-
earning families who desired to keep mider the parental roof instead of taking
lodgings. Certainly the idea of varied accommodation is the veiy essence of success
in housing schemes.

Hull. — In addition to the 40 tenements in blocks the Council have erected on three
sides of a quadrangle 11 six-room dwellings, with garden, at 6s. 6d. per week, 34 four-
room dwellings at 5s. 3d. per week, and 32 four-room dwellings at 6s. per week

Llandudno. — The nineteen cottages built by the Council in 1897 have been con-
tinuously let at 7s. 6d. per week, and there is a very long list of applicants for vacancies.
Each cottage has a frontage of 18ft. 4in., and the depth of the plot of land is 56ft.
The accommodation consists of living room 14ft. by 13ft. 9in., kitchen-scullery ISft.
l)y 9ft. 6in., pantry, coal-house, and w.c. on ground fioor, with three bedrooms 13ft. 6in.
by 9ft. 6in., 15ft. 3in .by 8ft. 3in., and lift. 9in. by 8ft. 6in. respectively. The external
walls are of rubble, local stone cemented and pebble dashed externally. The internal
walls are of brick, with lath and plaster stiid partitions on the first floor.

The height of rooms is 9ft. on ground floor, and 9ft. 3in. on first floor. The roof is
of Bangor slates laid with a 4in. lap. All the rooms on the ground floor are paved with
blue Staffordshire tiles on 4in. of concrete.

There are now altogether 32 dwellings, namely', 24 houses and eight flats.

The cost of building has been as follows : — Eight flats at £143 per flat, six houses
at £117 per house, eight houses at £207 per house, 19 houses at £212 per house, and
10 houses at £274 per house.

The CoiTucil is satisfied that the cottages have supplied a long-felt want. Its action
has also been an inducement to private speculators to build a more modest class of
house than had been the practice.

The terms of repayment of the loan are 80 years for the land and 60 years for the
biiildings. The percentage of the gross rent allowed for repairs is 1 per cent., and this
has been found to be sufficient.

Liverpool. — The special featm-e of Livei-pool housing is the erection of tenement
houses, mostly three-storej' high, of a very plain character, on cleared areas or other
districts in central parts of the city, so as specially to accommodate persons displaced.
The Council has erected up to now 2,332, tenements for this purpose, containing 193
one-room, 1,095 two-room, 845 three-room, and 196 four- room dwellings with 20
shops. Rents and costs are given in the foregoing tables. There ai-e, in addition,

HOUSING OF THE WORKING CLASSES. 69

moi-e tenements in couivse ot' construction. The total number of tenements com-
pleted to the end of 190'.? was 2,218, compi-ising .5,10o rooms. There were also 20-
shops, and the cost of building, together with the valuation of sites for housing
purposes, _ was £'44o,962, while the gross annual rental was £21.694. Thus the
average inclusive cost was about £80 per room, and the average rent about Is. (id.
per room per week. The nett return on the later dwellings is from £l5 to £4 J
per cent. ; and the charge on the rates in respect of rehousing the disposses.sed is
£11,951 per annum, or a rate of about id. in the £. This, however, includes the pro-
vi.sion of a sinking fund, which will put the ratepayers in possession of valuable
pi(_iperties at the expiration of periods varying from 60 to 80 years.

Manchester. —The foregoing pages show that the Council has cleared several large
areas, and has erected on them block dwellings, tenement houses, cottages, and a
model lodgitig-house, of the Rowton House tj'pe, which has recently been full each
night for s(jme time. Plans have now been prepared for the development of the
Blackley Estate of 243 acres on the city boundaiy, which was acquired at a cost of
£ot5,646, for the piirpose of providing houses for the working classes imder Part III.,
and also for allotments. The following houses have been completed : —

56 Class A 5 rooms, sculleiy and bathi-oom, cost £246 each
55 „ B 4 rooms, scullery and bathroom, cost £248 „

38 „ CI Ditto, but smaller cost £243 „

III Rochdale Road 32 three-room and 32 four-room dwellings have recently been
erected at a cost of £13,206, inclusive of site.

The Corporation has not attempted to carry out its re-housing schemes on a com-
mercial basis, but has decided to treat them as part of a great work of sanitary
amelioration, part of the cost of which should be met fi'om the rates. It is intended to
erect a lodging house for women at an estimated cost of £13,000. The model lodging
house is being enlarged at a cost of £3,000 to accommodate an additional 120 persons.

Merthyr Tydfil.— The Merthyr Corporation carried out their first scheme in 1902. and
tiieu built 100 houses, wliich are never vacant, and are much appreciated. In 1906 the
Corporation built in another part of the district, 38 houses of a different type, and put
iu these a patent range, boiler, and bath. Several hundreds made application for these
houses, and not one penny rent has been allowed or lost since the houses were built.
In 1907 a thii'd scheme was earned out, and .50 houses built in a quarter where there
was a great demand. These were veiy similar to the houses built under the second
scheme, and just as highly appreciated. Land has been obtained for the carr3'ing out
of two further schemes, and the Local Government Board's sanction has been applied
for and obtained for one of such schemes. The Corporation will have, in five separate
blocks of houses, over 300 houses suitable for and let at rentals within the reach of
the working classes.

Nantwich. — The Housing Committee of the Council reports that there are 707 houses
out of 1,734 in the town of Nantwich, containing only two bedrooms. Part III. of the
Act has been adopted.

Neath. — Twentj'-two houses have been erected in three blocks to complete the
site acquired. They cost to build £175 each, with £19 per cottage for roads and sewers,
anil they will be let at 5s. 6d. per week. Each cottage has Comes and Haighton's patent
fittings and bath. All are occupied.

Newcastle-on-Tyne. — The Council has erected a block of two-storey dwell-
ings consisting of 14 single rooms, at 2s. 6d. per week, and 112 two rooms
at 4s. 3d. to 4s. 9d., on a site of 10,464 square yards in the hands of the Council at
10s. per yard, the total cost of site, building's, and street works being estimated at
£2-3,670, including the pi'ovision of an asphalted recreation-ground of about 740
square yards near the 'centre of the area. A cottage exhiljition. was held in 1908 on
part of the Corporation's Walker Estate, under the auspices of the National Housing
Reform Council, and the Council built four cottages of each of the following types ;—
Class I. Two bech'ooms, li\dno--room, scullery, and bath ; maximum cost £195.
Class II. Three bedrooms, living-room, scullery, and liath; maximum

cost £235.
Class III. Thi-ee bedroonis, parlour, living-room, scullery, and bath ; cost £260.
The Council have Ijuilt 72 one-rocnn tenements, at 3s. 6d. per week, with complete
equipments, suitable for aged people without families, on a site adjoining South
Bj'ker playground.

Nottingham. — The five-storey l)lock dwellings were built in 1875. and the Coppice
Road cottages, at a cost, including land and street works, of £337 each, were Iniilt in
connection with a street improvement scheme on a loan for onl}' 30 yeare.

60 INTERXATIONAL IIOUSIXO CONGRESS.

Penshurst (Sevenoaks R.D.C). — In addition to the six pioneer cottages, eight new-
cottages liave been Iniilt for £"1,717, or with extras, £1,850. The loan is for 40 years at
oa per cent., and the land is leasehold for 99 years. The cottages are all let, and no rent
lias l>cen lost.

Plymouth. — The Council has built four blocks of flats,' containing 261 rooms, at- a
cost of i'ljl, t545, on f-acre of cleared area, under Part I. It^has also bought 29 ^ acres of
vacant land on the outskirts, at a cost of £19,206, and has l)iiilt on part of it 182 hous es
(mostly flats), at a cost of £42,903 for 606 rooms, Kearly a fourth of the area cleared
is still available for building purposes. The rents are as follows : — Five rooms, 8s. ;
four rooms, 7s. to 8s.; three rooms,. 4s. 8d. to 6s. ; two rooms, 2s. 6d. to 5s. per week. The
total mcome last year was £3,547, and the working expenses were £1,691, leaving
a nett return on capital of £1,856.

The sum spent on clearance and building 317 dwellings for 1,585 persons was
£108,0(30, involving a charge on the rates of £2,965.

The average death-rate of the borough for ten 5'ears (1896-1905), compared with
the previous ten years (1886-1895), was as follows : —

Average 10 years. Average 10 year^. Reduction.

1896-1905 1886-1895

18-47. 21-21. 2-47 per 1,000.

This reduction is equal to a saving of 323 lives a year.

Theuverages for the district in which the unhealthy area dealt with under Part !•
of the Housing of the Working Classes Act of 1890 is situated, viz.. How Street and
Looe Street, were as follows :—

Average 10 yenrs. Average 5 years. Reduction.

1896-1905 1891-1895

18-8. 22-5. 3-7 per 1,000.

Prescot. — Thu-ty-eight houses have been built at a cost of £6,200, and are let at
OS. 3d. to 5s. Od. per week. Part of the money was borrowed locallj'', owing to excessive
rates of interest asked by the Public Works Loans Commissioners.

Richmond (Surrey). — There are now 135 houses in Manor Grove, containing 666

roonis and 135 sculleries, costing altogether £38.702. or an average inclusive cost of about
£58 per room. The income to IMarcli, 1909, averaged £2,448 per annum, working expenses
£843. and the gross profit £1,594. equivalent to 4? per cent, on the total capital outlay.
The twenty conclusions (p. 131 " Housing Handbook") hold good, except that the period
of repayment of loan has been extended to 58 years. A scheme for clearing three
acres under Part I. has been begun at an estimated cost of about £44,000, and already
over £44,800 has been spent in the purchase of the area. The work of demolition and
laying out is proceeding. The scheme for re-housing 300 of the 500 persons dispossessed
will, vmf ortunately, be crippled from the start, owing to the site for the first 200 being
situated in a somewhat inaccessible position at one of the most distant parts of the
borough, and costing no less than £2,000 per acre with roads. Forty cottages have
been built here, at a cost of £12,700, including site, and ten double tenements are being
built on the cleared area at an estimated cost of building of £4,050.

Risca. — The Council has erected 48 houses, each with living-room, kitchen, scullery
bath-room, and larder on ground floor, three bedrooms on first floor, and outside coal-
house and w.c, all for 5s. 6d. per week inclitsive. The Council hos also erected 50
houses, letting at 6s. per week clear.

Rotherham. — A loan has been obtained for £11,426. and ten cottages, let at 7s. 3d. and
7s. 6d. per week, have been erected. Each house has 165 square j'ards of land at Is. 3d.
per yard, and the cost of building is £237 per cottage, or 4d. per cubic foot.

Salford. — The Council has built a lodging-house, a street of tenements, and foiu-
cottage estates, at a total cost of £250,113, of which £174,104 was for the building and
£76,009 for the site of 3,067 rooms in 703 dwellings, being £56 per room for building
and £24 per room for site and roads. The model lodging-house cost £1,555 for site
and £15.326 for building (.see pp. 63-64" Housing Handbook "'). Front streets are 36ft.
wide and back passages 12ft. wide, and all paved or flagged. The Imildings are faced
with hard red coal shale bricks, which are very impervious, the li^-ing-room floors are
grooved and tongued boarding, the kitchen floors of red tiles on concrete bed. The
gross income for the Queen Street and King Street dwellings has averaged £1,336, and
the working' expenses, inclmling rates, £722 (exclusive of interest and redemption of
loans), leaving a gross profit of £614.

HOL'SING OF THE WORKING CLASSES. t)l

Shefiield. — The Corporation is clearing a large iusanitarj' area (Crofts) at a cost
to 25tli March, 1908, of £'110,llij (after allowing for value of site charged to cost of
dwellings which have been erected on a portion of the site). The capital outlaj'' on the
dwellings to 2r>th March. 1W«, including value of site (£-l:,153), is £;:5(5.'128. 181
dwellings (on the flat sj^stem) and five sale-shops have been erected. Thirty-one of
these dwellings consist of one room let at 3s. per week, 96 two rooms at 4s. 6d. to
6s. per week, bi three rooms at 6s. pei* week, and the five saleshops let at 5s.
to 7s. 6d. per week each. Attached to each of the dwellings are a small scuUeiy and
a separate w.c. and coal-place. The Corporation has also erected a block of 20
cottage houses in another part of the city (Hand's Lane) under Part III. of the
Act. The total cost to 2oth March, 1908, was £6,104, including £715 for site. The
accommodation includes larder, kitchen, and coal-cellar, sitting room, and three bed-
rooms, ^"ith w.c. for each house. These let at 6s. 6d. per week each. The Corpora-
tion has also purchased three other sites in various parts of the citj' at a cost
respectively of £16,289 (High Storrs), £10,255 (Wincobank), and £6,122 (Edmund
Road). Nothing has yet been expended on the erection of dwellings on the first-
mentioned site. The second is an estate of about 60 acres on the north-east side of
the city, in an elevated position, but within comparatively easy distance of the great
engineering works of the cit3^ The estate has been planned oiit, and 175 cottages
and flats have already been erected. Ninetj^-nine of these houses consist of a
li\'ing-room and sculleiy, vnth. coal-house, pantiy, and w.c. on the ground floor, and
two or three bedrooms and a separate bath-room on the first floor. Tiie houses are let
at rents of 5s. 6d. to 7s. 6d. per week, clear of rates and taxes. Twenty furthei*
houses, consisting of living-room, scuUerj', three bedrooms, bath, and w.c, built on this
estate are let at 5s. per week. An important feature in respect to the above scheme is
that each house is to have an area of 200 yards of land. Twelve cottage flats have also
been erected, containing U^-ing-room, scuUerj', with bath and one or two bedrooms.
These are let at 4s. to 4s. 3d. per week, clear of rates and taxes.

In addition to the above 44 cottage houses, erected in 1907 in connection with the
cottage exliibition, were purchased bj^ the Corporation. These houses are of three
classes, as follows : — Class A, living-room, scullery, with bath and two bedrooms, 6s. to
6s. 6d. per week ; class B, living-room, scullery, bathroom and three bedrooms, 7s. 3d.
to 8s. per week ; class C, li\'ing-room, parlour, scullery, bathroom and three bedrooms,
8s. to 10s. per week, all clear of rates and taxes. On the third site 70 houses have
been built, of which 45 contain four rooms and scullery, at 5s. 9d. to 6s. per week ; 25
contain five rooms and scullery, let at 6s. 9d. to 7s. 6d. per week. The capital expendi-
ture, exclusive of site, being £15,150. An entirely new development of the
question of artisans' dwellings has taken place in Sheffield within recent
years. A section of the Corporation's local Act of 1900 authorises the
Coi-poration to appropriate any sui-plus lands acquired bj' it, and not required
for the purposes for which they were purchased, and utilise them for various
objects, including the erection of dwellings under the Housing of the .Working
Classes Acts. Certain pieces of land in the centre of the city or near to
it have come into the possession of the Corporation as a result of street improve-
ments can-ied out mider local Acts, and the Corporation has erected thereon
sale-shops and dwellings, and flats over the same. Five blocks^ of property have
l:>een erected on such lands, comprisin"' 19 flats and 43 dwellings'. The flats are let at
rents of 4s. 6d., 4s. 9d., and 6s.. and the dwellings at 5s. 9d., 6s., 6s. 3d., 6s. 6d., and 8s.
per week, free from rates and taxes.

Shipley (Yorks.). — The Council has received sanction to borrow £6,525 for 29 new
dwellings, each \vith four rooms, scidlery and bath, to let at 5s. 6d. per week, to re-house
persons displaced by improvement works. The estimated cost of building is £197 per
cottage. The site, of nearly an acre, cost £229, and street works are estimated at £560.
Fifteen of these houses have been erected and are occupied.

Southampton.— The capital expenditure up to 31st March, 190!», has been £77,462 ;
the income £3,453; working expenses and loan charges £5.148. Sixty-nine cottage
flats have recently been erected at a cost of £17.387, and a new wing is being added to
the lodging house, at an estimated cost, of £3.300 to accommodate 72 persons. The
following particulars as to cost of construction maybe interesting :— The lod^ng- house,
including furniture and utensils, cost £87 10s. per bed, and is generally filled. The
24 tenements cost £116 per room, or 8d. per foot cube ; brickwork was £14 per rod.
The average depth of foundations is 5ft.

t)2 IXTERNATIOXAL HOUSIXG CONGRESS.

South Shields. — In connection with a street improvenient sclieme, under a local
Act, the ( 'orijoration .sold a .site of ;>,148 square yard.s to a private individual, who built
28 double tenements at a cost of £'o22 per double tenement, and let the same at rentals
of 5s. 6d. for three room.s and a scullery, and 7s. t5d. for four rooms and a scullery.

Staf ford.^Forty cottages have been built at a cost of £7,^00, and six let "at 4s. 3d.
aud oh at -Is. 6d. per week ; the sinking- fund of £1'-j6 being met by the rates as a
matter of definite policj'.

Stretford. — In addition to 40 dwelling.s already provided under Part I. of the Act of
1890. at a cost of £5,913, the Local Government Board has sanctioned a loan of £25,015
for 58 years for the provision of 112 semi-detached dwellings under Part III. of the
Act, on a site of about four and a half acres. The first instalment of the scheme,
consisting of 40 houses let at 5s. per week, was completed in 1907. The second instal-
ment, consisting of 22 houses, is in course of erection.

Swansea. — £314 has been advanced to the South Wales Cottage Exhibition Com-
mittee for can-ying out a cheap cottage exhibition on land belonging to the town, with,
not more than twelve houses to the acre. Thirty-one houses have been built on land
belonging to the Property Committee. The Colborn Terrace cottages cost £127 more
than the loan sanctioned, viz., £t5,897, thus making a total of £7,024. The cost of
Local Government Board inquiries was £13 15s. 5d. The Council has received
sanction for the erection of fifteen cottages at Plasmarl, with li^ang room, sculleiy, and
two bedrooms, estimated to cost £160 per cottage, to let at 4s. 9d. per week. The
cost of the site was £400.

Teddington. — After a series of elections fought mainly aud successfully on the
housing question, the District Council, by an almost unanimous vote, decided to buy
6i acres of land in Shacklegate Lane, at a cost of £4.200, and to utilise 4^ acres, valued
at £2,816, for the erection of 72 four-room cottages at 5s. per week, and 42 five-room
cottages at 6s. per week, at a total estimated cost of £24,393, including 2 1-6 acres of
land, valued at £1,384, Avhich is to be developed afterwards. Tenders have been
received £30 per house below the estimated figures of £180 and £160 for five and four
roomed houses respectively ; strong local opposition from shun owners, house agents,
and others to doing anj'thing at all led to the defeat of several members responsible for
the scheme, and the Council as at present constituted have abandoned the housing
scheme and decided, subject to obtaining the sanction of the Local Government Board,
to appropriate part of the land for cemetery extension and to sell the surplus land. An
inquiiy was held into this by an inspector of the Local Government Board on the 10th
of December last.

West Ham. — Sites have been purchased for £17,000 for other schemes at present
postponed. The mcome from comijleted schemes was £6,081, the working expenses
£2,963, and the nett retm-n £3,118, or 3 per cent, on outlay, as against £4,972, or
4'8 per cent., the actual loan charges on outlay.

Wolverhampton. — A site of 3,970 square yards was bought for £546, and 50 tene-
ments on the flat system have been built for £5,032, or £40 per room, and are let at
rentals of 2s. 6d. for two rooms, and 3s. for three rooms.

Yarmouth (Great). — Eight dwellings, built for £930, have been let at 2s. 6d. each per
week, and twelve dwellings, built for £2,500, have been let at 5s. per week.

SCOTLAND.

Aberdeen. — The receipts from the workmen's dwellings ^vere £863 in 1908-9, and the
total outgoings, includhig loan charges, were £1,067. Cottages have not been erected
under the Housing of the AVorking Classes Act.

Edinburgh.— Slum areas have been bought for £107,704, and new houses containing
761 rooms have been built, and old buildings containing 300 rooms have been recon-
structed for £93,105. There are altogether 301 one-room dwellings at 2s. to 2s. lOd. per
week, 374 two-room dwellings at 2s. 6d. to 5s. 4d. per week, four three-room dwellings at 5s.
per week, and 12 shops at rents of from £11 to £19 per annum. The receipts for 1908-9
were £5,091 15s. 3d., the working expenses £2,835 15s. 7d., and the nett return on
capital £2,255 19s. 8d. towards total loan charges of £8,326 12s. Thus the gross
profits were only sufficient to pay 2| per cent, on building cost alone, and the actual
rents, averaging Is. 8d. per room per week, were subsidised to the extent of 3s.
per room per week to meet the cost of site.

HOUSING OF THE WORKING CLASSES. 63

Glasgow. — Much work has been clone in the erection of block dwellings and loLlginof-
houses, as lief ore mentioned, with the object of housing the very poor. These include
588 one-room, 1,321 two-room, and ihl three-room dwellings. Altogether, 2,182 dwellings
containing 3,975 rooms have been erected by mimicipal action in various parts of the
city. The lodging-houses show a profit of 1 to \\ pei* cent., this amount being
sufficient to cover depreciation and sinking fund. For the past year, however, these
institutions have shown a loss of £563. The dwellings give a return of about \\ per
cent, on the cost of building alone and mthout debiting anything as a rent chai-ge for
land against the dwellings built before the year 1898. The rent "per 1.000
cubic feet" varies from Is. 4d. to Is. 8d. per week, and the cost of building
has varied from £70 to £93 per room. The management expenses are from
26 to 29 per cent, of the receipts — aljout half of this percentage being for
rates, taxes, and insurance. Two typical blocks for the veiy poor are those
in St. James' Eoad and Haghill tenements. In all cases dwellings on the balconj',
block, or Hat system are provided. Rents vary from 10s. per month to 15s. per
month per room, or one-room dwellings, lis. 3d. per month ; two-room dwellings,
18s. per month ; three-room dwellings, 24s. 6d. per month. The proportion of the site
built upon is from 40 to 55 per cent., and the cost of site has varied from 4s. 6d.
to £6 per square yard. Glasgow's great difficulty is the tendency to crowd the centre
rather than to disperse population towards the outskirts. It maj' be mentioned that
the Glasgow JNIunicipal Commission on the Housing of the Poor, appointed by the
Coi"poration in 1902, has now presented its report and recommendations, and these
recommendations, so far as approved, have been remitted to various committees
interested, in oi-der that they may consider and report as to what action should be
taken in the direction of canying them into effect. Prizes of £75, £50, and £25
have been given for the best competitive designs for laying out the Riddree Estate as a
model village in self-contained houses of not more than four or five rooms, competitors
to state the rent which they consider should be charged.

Leith. — Action has been taken imder Parts I., II., and III. of the Act of 1890.
Capital expenditure, £125,894 ; receipts, £6,189 ; working expenses, £717 ; loan
charges, £4,534.

Paisley has a mxmioipal lodging-house, ■^dth beds, let at 4d. to 4^1. per night.

Perth. — Two large blocks of working men's houses were built under a local Improve-
ment Act of 1893, which required the erection of new houses in place of others
demoUshed in the formation of new streets. The first block was completed in 1900,
built of stone, four storeys in height ; 68 dwelling houses with four shops and offices on
ground floor ; 16 one-roomed houses at 2s. 4d. per week including rates ; four three-
roomed hoiises at 5s. 4d. per week including rates, the remaining houses are two-roomed,
at rents varjang from 3s. 4d. to 4s. 7d. inclutling taxes ; cost £12,220. equal to about
£15 19s. 6d. per square yard. The second block was completed in 1903-4. built of brick
and rough cast, foiu- storeys in height, 44 dwelhng houses. Eleven single-roomed
houses ; five three-roomed, and the remainder two-roomed. Rents similar to those in
the other block. Cost £6,300. equal to about £11 6s. 8d. per squai-e yard. All the
houses are built on the balcony system, A\-ith staircases open to air.

IRELAND.

Belfast. — Free raibvay house tickets for houses over 5s. per week rental are common.
The tram fares are Id. for aboiit \\ miles, and workmen's tickets by train are 2d. return
for three miles. Rents are very low, and self-contained dwellings are the rule for even
the veiy poorest. £33,700 has been spent on clearance schemes. A model lodging-
house, erected for £9,844 in 1902, now enlarged at a cost of £2,466.

Clonmel.^Under Part III. 35 fom--room cottages, costmg £114 each, and ten five-
room dwellings, costing £218 each, were provided. There has been a deficit of £94 on
the year's working, in addition to the rates of the dwellings. The rents are from 28.
and 2s. 6d. to 5s. per week. A new scheme is in contemplation.

Cork. — Two areas have been cleared, and 383 three-room dwellings, with 76 four-
room dwellings, have been biiilt, and let at rents of Is. 9d. to os. 9d. per week.

Drogheda. — Dwellings costing £5.000 have been erected by the Corporation. lu
addition to these a fund of £5,000, known as the " Cairnes Trast Fund," which was
provided niany years ago by the late Thomas Plunkett Caimes's will, has been
expended in building houses which are let at low rents. As these rents accumulate
more houses are erected, so that gradually tlic nunilK'r of improved dwellings is being
increased.

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Dublin. — Fifteen streets, containing 1,665 families, luive Ijeen declared unhealthy-
areas by the Metlical Officer of Health. Since 187^» more than -XOW houses have been
closed as nntit for habitation. At present there are 532 derelict houses. On the soiith
side of the city there are 786 houses in a very defective condition. They comprise
2,982 rooms, occupied by 2,149 families, or 7,844 persons. On the north side there
are 700 similar houses containing 2,401 rooms, occupied by 1,496 families, or 5,802
persons. The number of families provided for is as follows : By the Corporation,
1,200; by companies, 4,028; by private persons, :')25; total, 5,55:5 families, or
22,000 persons. The municipal dwellings are in eight districts, and are let at rents
from Is. 6d. to 3s. 3d. for one room, 2s. to 4s. 6d. for two roonxs, 4s. to 5s. for thi-ee rooms,
and 4s. 6d. to 7s. 6d. for self-contained houses, the average weekly rent being 3s. 4d. The
average cost of these dwellings has varied from £79 to, £126 per room, including the
acquisition of the site. Altogether, it is estimated that £500,000 will be spent under
the Act of 1890. It may be mentioned that loans to the extent of over £30,000 have
been granted under the Small Dwellings Acquisition Act, 1899. Parts of several
streets have been declared unhealthy during the past year.

Rathmines.— The Council has recently built 291 dwellings, let as follows— three
rooms, 4s. and 4s. 6d. ; two rooms, 3s. and 3s. 6d. ; one room. Is. 6d. and Is. 9d. per week,
providing accommodation for 1,200 persons. The total cost of the new dwellings with
land was £42,046. There are also 64 houses, costing £11,000, which have been built
for some time, and are paying 2i per cent, on capital.

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Printed by the " Municipal Journal" 80-81, Fleet Street, London, JE.C.

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Thomps on -
Municipal
housing in

England and Wales

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